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Titel | Title: Catalogue of Indonesian manuscripts.

Bindbetegnelse | Volume Statement: Part 1

Udgivet år og sted | Publication time and place: Copenhagen : The Royal Library, 1975-77 Fysiske størrelse | Physical extent: 2 bd. :

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C A T A L O G U E OF O R I E N T A L

M A N U S C R I P T S , X Y L O G R A P H S ETC.

IN D A N I S H C O L L E C T I O N S

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CATALOGUE OF ORIENTAL

MANUSCRIPTS, XYLOGRAPHS ETC.

IN DANISH COLLECTIONS

F O U N D E D BY KAARE G R Ø N B E C H

t

EDITED BY

F R E D E M Ø L L E R - K R I S T E N S E N

VOL. 4 PART 1

T H E ROYAL L I B R A R Y

C O P E N H A G E N 1 9 7 5

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CATALOGUE OF

INDONESIAN MANUSCRIPTS

PART 1 BATAK MANUSCRIPTS

BY

P. V OORHOE VE

WITH A C O N T R IB U T IO N BY

C A R L S C H U S T E R t

T H E ROYAL L I R R A R Y

C O P E N H A G E N 1 9 7 5

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(The R oyal Library, Copenhagen)

DET

KONGELIGE BIBLIOTEK

KØBENHAVN

B I A N C O L U N O S B O G T R Y K K E R I A/ S C O P E N H A G E N

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PREFACE

The fourth volum e of the “ Catalogue of O riental M anuscripts in D anish Collec- tio n s” com prises m an u scrip ts in In d o n esian languages belonging to the Royal L i

b ra ry an d the N ational M useum , a few letters in the N ational A rchives a n d two m anuscripts in private collections. In this context ‘In d o n e sia n ’ does not m ean the n atio n al language of the R epublic of Ind onesia, b u t the b ra n c h of the M alayo- Polynesian fam ily of languages to w hich alm ost all the languages spoken in Indonesia a n d M alaysia belong.

T he royal letters preserved in the N ational A rchives b e a r testim ony of the connections th a t existed betw een D en m ark a n d the In d o n esian A rchipelago in the 17th century. In the m iddle of the 19th century the D anish tra d e r M ads Lange, w ho lived in the isle of Bali, sent som e objects collected there as presents to the N ational M useum . A few fine B alinese m a n u scrip ts belong to this collection.

The Royal L ib ra ry preserves M ads L an g e’s corresp ondence w ith B alinese prin- ces, w ritten on p a lm leaves. The only D anish O rientalist to p u b lish som ething on In d o n esian languages a n d literatu re w as Dr. K urt W ulff, at one tim e lib ra ria n

at the Royal L ib ra ry in C openhagen.

In d o n esian m an u scrip ts w ere never system atically collected for D anish col

lections, an d m ost of the m an u scrip ts are chance acquisitions. T he faet th a t B a

ta k m an u scrip ts are the m ajority m ay be due to the circum stance th a t these w ere often bought by travellers as curiosities because of th eir little know n script, un- com m on m aterials such as tree b a rk a n d bone, a n d intriguing illustrations.

These B atak m an u scrip ts are the subject of the p resen t first p a rt of volum e fo ur.

T he second p a rt will com prise all the MSS. in other In d o n esian languages, i.e., M alay, Javanese, B alinese a n d one L am p u n g m an u scrip t.

The au th o r of the catalogue of B atak m an u scrip ts, Dr. P. V oorhoeve, h as w ork- ed as a G overnm ent linguist in the B atak co u ntry in the isle of S u m atra from 1937 until the o u tb reak of the second w orld w ar. He w as keeper of O riental p rin ted books a n d m an u scrip ts at L eiden U niversity L ib ra ry in 1952 w hen the late Professor K aare G rønbech asked him to catalogue the B atak m an u scrip ts in D enm ark. U ntil th en only sh o rt check lists of B atak MSS. h a d been p u blished, giving little m ore th a n the b a re titles. Since then, Dr. V oorhoeve h as also cata- logued the B atak m an u scrip ts in the Chester Beatty L ib rary , D ublin. T his c a ta logue w as p u b lish ed in 1961. A catalogue of B atak m an u scrip ts in G erm any by

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Dr. L. M anik w as pu b lish ed in 1973. T ak en together these three catalogues will give a fairly com plete survey of the w ritten literatu re of the B atak people.

The illustrations in B atak b a rk hooks h a d attracted the special attention of the late Dr. Carl Schuster, who w as an expert in the field of prim itive design. He agreed to contrihute a n u m b er of com parative observations on some B atak d e

signs to this catalogue. He continued to w ork on his contribution until c. 1964.

T hen he p lan n ed to w rite a revised version of his article, b u t a short tim e before his death in 1969 he w rote to Dr. V oorhoeve th a t it w as now im possible for him to do this b u t he agreed th a t it should be p rin ted as it stood then, w ith all the additions inserted. This has been done as faithfully as possible. Dr. S chuster’s observations will be found in the present volum e as p a rt two of the introduction.

This p a rt of the catalogue could never have been realized w ithout the constant efforts of the late Mr. L. B uschardt. His article on M ads L ange’s letters in “ F u n d og F o rsk n in g ” will be extensively quoted in p a rt two of the present volum e.

For a careful revision of Dr. V oorhoeve’s English idiom we are grateful to Mr. G. Schofield w ho has also agreed to assist in the proof-reading.

For the second p a rt of this volum e the Jav an ese an d Balinese MSS. w ere described by Dr. Th. P igeaud; the Old Jav an ese “ K lam penborg” charters by the late Professor Dr. F. H. v an N aerssen, a n d the M alay a n d L am p u n g MSS. by Dr.

Voorhoeve. Dr. Pigeaud h as also help ed to arrange the descriptions of the B atak MSS. in the p resent first p a rt an d to m ake a detailed table of contents.

Copenhagen, October 1974 Palle B irkelund

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1. PL A T E S

Plate 1 B atak sorcerer (datu) tracing m agic designs on the g ro u n d w ith w hite pow der. After a p h o to g rap h k in d ly lent by Miss Claire Holt.

P u b lish ed : T ich elm an , 1939, p. 3 3 0 ...

Plate 2 E xorcism of snak es by m eans of a serpen tine d iag ram d raw n a ro u n d dots on the ground. South In d ia. After T h u rsto n , 1906, pi. xvi. (Cf. Fig. 8 ) ...

Plate 3 H in d u w o m an draw ing a th resh o ld design. After H utchinson, 1913 [?], i, p 5 0 8 ...

Plate 4 P laq u e of p a lm -le a f a n d m iea, show ing two snakes coiled in a sym m etrical p attern a ro u n d disks ( “ d o ts” ). Ceylon. After C oom arasw am y, 1908, pi. lii, fig. 3. C om pare Plate 2 a n d Fig. 8 Plate 5 M edallion on the cover of a silver box from P alem bang, S u m atra.

After pi. cxlviii (page 313) in v a n der H oop, 1949, w ho suggests th a t the knotted d eco ratio n m ay allude to the w edding cerem ony for w h ich the box w as p rim a rily in tend ed. (Cf. our note 41).

T hough the box m ay have been m ade, as the a u th o r suggests, by a Jav an ese silversm ith w orking for an (islam ised ) M alay of the S u m atra coast, could the design of interlocking snakes have been in sp ired ultim ately by a “ p a g a n ” B atak m otive like th a t of our Fig. 7 ? ...

Plate 6 Chinese b ro n ze p la q u e of the L ate Chou p eriod (fifth century B.C.

or earlier), w ith design of four interlocking snakes. After the origi

n a l in T oronto, R oyal O ntario M useum of A rchaeology, N. B. 6239, from the P rince of H an tom bs at Old Loyang. B ishop W hite Col- lection. D iam eter betw een loops, 7.6 c m ...

Plate 7 “ B oulder la b y rin th ” at S itim ani village, n e a r B ijåpur, B om bay State, In d ia. After p h o to g rap h s su p p lied by the Office of the G overnm ent E pigrap hist, M adras. T he m o n u m en t, know n locally as ‘laksm ana-m andaV, differs from the northw est E u ro p e an

“ b o u ld er la b y rin th s” in th a t it is roughly form ed of w indrow s of stones o f all sizes, ra th e r th a n of single lines of stones of ap- proxim ately u n ifo rm size laid out like b ead s on a string. T he pat-

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tern, how ever, is said to be precisely the classical one of the cakra- vyuha (Figs. 23 a n d 24). A nother “ b o u ld er la b y rin th ” , evidently on a sm aller scale (som e 8.5 m eters in d iam eter) w as rep o rted from Salem District, Å n d h ra, South In d ia, by Mr. F. J. R ichards.

A ccording to a draw ing an d a description p rovided by L ay ard , 1937, p. 175f, this “ la b y rin th ” w as laid out w ith sm aller stones, evidently in the m a n n e r of the northw est E u ro p e a n bo u ld er lab y rinth s. Its form (closely resem bling th at of the H alebid la b y rin th m entioned in o u r note 51) is slightly a b e rra n t from the

“ classical” type rep resen ted by m ost of o u r illu stratio n s; b u t sim- ilar ab erratio n s occur occasionally also am ong the “ b o u ld er la b y rin th s” of northw estern E urope. N eedless to say, a special study of “ b o u ld er la b y rin th s” in In d ia, once it is m ade, m ay help to derterm ine the place of the In d ia n p h e n o m e n a w ithin the larger

distrib u tion of su ch constructions in other p a rts of the w orld . . 24 Plate 8 R ock-carved “ la b y rin th ” at Monte Mogor, n e a r P ontevedra, Ga-

licia, no rthw estern Spain. B ronze age. (P ro b a b ly second h a lf of the second m illenn ium B.C.: see note 57). P hotographed by the w riter in Ju ly , 1956. (Cf. Mg. 28). At the right is Sr. R am on Sobrino L orenzo R usa, local su p e rin te n d e n t of excavations, au th o r of several m ono graphs on the la b y rin th (e.g., Sobrino, 1951, 1953), an d son of R. Sobrino B uhigas (a u th o r of Sobrino, 1935). An earlier p h o to g rap h of fath er an d son together by the side of this la b y rin th (show ing its location n e a r the sea) a p p e a re d in Sobrino,

1951, p. 8, an d a detail of th a t p h o to g rap h in Sobrino, 1935, pi.

lxxviii, fig. 1 6 6 ... 25 Plate 9 B oulder w ith incised “ la b y rin th ,” from H ollyw ood, County

W icklow , Irelan d , now on the p o rch of the N ational M useum , D ublin. B ronze age. F or publications, see note 58; an d ad d O rpen,

1 91 1 ... 25 Plate 10 “ L a b y rin th ” cut on a vertical ro ck w all at Tintagel, C ornw all,

E ngland. P resu m ab ly bronze age. T his is one of the two lab y rin th s, located a few feet a p a rt on the sam e ro ck face. See the p u b lication of Gibson, 1954 (w hose h å n d provides scale at the lel’t of our

p h o to g r a p h ) ... 25 Plate 11 “ L a b y rin th ” cut on a b o u ld er n e a r M akhchesk, N orth Ossetia

A utonom ous T erritory, C aucasus, since 1938 preserved in the N orthern Ossete Regional M useum , p resu m ab ly in O rdzhonikidze (V lad ik avk az). D iam eters, 5 4x62 cm. After K rupnov, 1951, fig.

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24. (Cf. o u r note 55). P resu m ab ly end of the second m illennium B.C. A ccording to K rupnov, p. 64, this “ la b y rin th ” w as reg ard ed locally as the dw elling of a nart, or legendary ancestral hero, n am ed Syrdon. O ther sym bols carved a ro u n d the la b y rin th a p p e a r to be tam gy or m a rk s o f possession, such as are used in the C aucasus for b ra n d in g anim als. T hey are carv ed by a different tech- n iq u e th a n the “ la b y rin th ” , a n d are p re su m a b ly m u ch later

th a n i t ... 25 Plate 12 A coloured draw ing of Pane boion, the G reat D ragon. (T h e use of

pane boion instead of pane na boion is due to the D airi B atak in- fluence on the language of this pusiaha). T he inscriptions p red ict good or b a d lu ck according to the p a rt of the d ra g o n ’s body one faces in w ar. T his draw ing m ay be c o m p ared w ith plate 1 in J.W in k le r’s a rtic le “ P ane n a boion, ein K riegsorakel der T oba-B atak a u f S u m a tra ” in BK1 112, facing p. 26. In b o th cases the scribe has not succeeded in show ing clearly the d ra g o n ’s body encircling the hindu m atoga (S c h u ste r’s first design, see In tro d u ctio n p. 53).

It looks as if the bindn m atoga h a d been sw allow ed by a large a n d fat anim al. T he id e a of the dragon encircling the bindu m atoga is expressed som ew hat m ore clearly in plate 3 of the D ublin catalogue an d in an illustratio n p u b lish ed in m y article on F o u r B atak M anuscripts in P rinceton {T he Princeton Univer sity Library Chronicle, vol. xxx, p. 158 sq q .). O ther illustrations of the sam e subject have been m entioned in m y p o stscrip t to Dr. W in k le r’s

article. BAT. bb 2 1 ... 26 Plate 13 A specim en o f the scrip t a n d spelling of a K aro-B atak text from

the G unung-gunung region. T he text h as been tra n slite ra te d on

p. 90. BAT. 1 b 2 - 3 ... 27 Plate 14 Text w ith illustrations show ing the oracle string ( ram bu siporhas) in

v ario u s positions. T he text h as been tran slite ra te d on p. 103.

BAT. ba 2 3 ... 28 Plate 15 T he carved cover of BAT. 6 ... 28 Plate 16 B am boo cylinder w ith illu strated tab le of sibanggua (taboos).

T he figures re p re se n t:

1. a m an.

2. a q u a d ru p e d .

3. iron, p ro b a b ly a sw ord or knife.

4. cloth.

5. p ad d y , i.e. grains of rice.

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Plate 17

Plate 18

Plate 19

Plate 20

Plate 21

Plate 22

6. gold, i.e. a golden e a r-trin k e t; cf. plate IV fig. 4 in V an der T u u k ’s XVoordenboek.

7. w ood, i.e. a tree.

8. a lucky day. P erh ap s a boiling cau ld ro n . T he text u n d e r the table h as been tran sliterated on p. 191. BAT. 6 0 ...

An in cen d iary letter w ritten on a b am b o o cylinder, w ith a b u n c h of black fibres of the su g arp alm representing a torch. T he text has been tran sliterated on p. 201. BAT. 81...

A page from a list of om ens in the oracle w ith a cock u n d e r a b asket (porm annhon). T he illustratio n show s three birds, though only one is used in the oracle. In this w ay the datu expresses the idea of the cock tu rn in g ro u n d on the w innow ing b ask et (re p re sented by the rectangle w ith loops on the corners). T he accom panying text h as been tran sliterated on p. 157. BAT. 37...

Two pages from a list of ari rodjang. A good specim en of typical S im alungun-B atak w riting. T he text h as been tran sliterated on pp. 187-188. BAT. 4 8 ...

A page from a palim psest. T he p h o to g rap h is not clear enough to m ake a com plete tran sliteratio n , b u t som e w ords of the old w riting can still be re a d , e.g. the w ords do h ita are seen above the w ords non asa at the beginning of the sixth line of the new text. BAT. 7 ...

An illustration from a parigulubalang text. T he text gives us no clue to the significance of the h u m a n figure w ith treeb ran ch es sprouting from its h å n d s a n d feet. It is acco m p an ied by sm all figures, som e of them B atak syllables, som e only resem bling signs of the syl- lab ary . T hese m ay be surat na so taruhum , illegible w riting, used to con fo und evil ghosts. BAT. 4 b 1 2...

T he h u m a n figure used in the divination called surat hum ala djolma.

BAT. 38 b 18...

Plate 23 E nd of a text on divination from th e cut-off neck of a pig (on mamora m adingin pinasu n i na m angan babi on ale Datu Sanggam M auli) an d a diagram of the section of the pig’s neck.

BAT. 33 a 18...

Plate 24 A K aro-B atak tendung m an u scrip t, w ith strings attached to the leaves. The pictures show the celeslial b an ian -tree (baringin tum- buh djati) an d “ talandjahan ’. P erh ap s the ta is erroneous and the K aro-B atak w ord landjån, poda-language landjaan is m eant.

This m eans a load carried on a pole. If this ex p lan atio n is cor-

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Plate 25 Plate 26

Plate 27

Plate 28

Plate 29

reet the sq u a re s m ay rep resen t m ats or pieces of cloth. T he accom panying text is tran sliterated on p. 177. BAT. 46 V b 2 -3 A page from a K aro-B atak téndung m an u scrip t. The illustration show s the figure called si dajang gapati, see p. 173. BAT. 45 b 11 The signs of the zodiae. T hey m ay be c o m p ared w ith the vignettes in this catalogue th a t are tak en from BAT. 47. The inscriptions say : Poda n i radja n i bulan sipahasada ma i, instructions for (d raw in g ) the figure of the first m onth, etc. After the twelve m onths there is one m ore figure w ith the legend radja n i ringkar ma inon ale, this is the figure of the 30th d ay of the m onth. As the B atak m o n th begins w ith the new m oon, not every m o n th h as a ringkar (S im alu n g u n lingkar). Etym ologically the w ord is the sam e as M alay lingkar = coil; ju st as the end of a coil in a rope touches the beginning, so this facultative d ay brings the m o n th b a c k to the beginning (o f the next m o n th ). M aybe rin g  kar is used here for the leap -m o n th , a facultative m o n th th a t is inserted after som e (m ostly th re e ) y ears to bring the lu n a r m onths in acco rd an ce w ith the so lar calen d ar. T he large figures at the top belong to the preceding text (see pp. 164-165).

BAT. 42 b 1 0 - 9 ...

Two pages from a K aro-B atak m a n u sc rip t in w hich a p ecu liar spelling of the final -h is used. T he text h as been tran sliterated on p. 199. BAT. 7 1 ...

One ap p lication of the pangulubalang sitoba-toba. T he figure r e  presents the ghost of a child. T he accom p anying text h as been tran sliterated on p. 94. BAT. 2 b 3 9 - W ...

D iagram of the pérm am is an d other draw ings in a K aro-B atak text on d ivin atio n (cf. Fig. 33). BAT. 47 a 4 ...

33 33

34

35

36 36

2. FIG U R ES

Fig. 1 D raw ing in a B atak m an u scrip t. L eiden, U niversity L ib ra ry , Ms.

Or. 3454. F o r v arian ts of this com position, see Plate 12 in the

the presen t volum e, a n d W ink ler, 1956, figs. 1 , 2 ... 52 Fig. 2 Schem e of a 12th-century b as-relief representing the C hurning of

the O cean. A ngkor Vat, C am bodia. After Coedes, 1911, pi. xxiii, a n d École fran^aise d ’E xtrém e-O rient, 1932, pis. 318, 319. (Cf.

also Coedes, 1913, a n d A uboyer, 1949, p. 99). In view of the faet th a t the original is b ad ly d am ag ed in v ario u s places (especially

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the ligures of Vi$nu a n d B ra h m å ), a n d th a t the ph o to g rap h ic repro- ductions in the above-m entioned publications are neither clear n o r com plete, it can n o t be claim ed th a t the p resen t schem e is ab- solutely a c c u ra te ; b u t it does re n d e r the m ain features of the design

in their p ro p er relation. Details of the b ack g ro u n d are om itted . . 53 Fig. 2 a Design from a M exican codex ( Codex L aud, 9). R edraw n after

Seler, 1910, p. 41, fig. 699. See also co m p ariso n s ad d u ced by

WollT, 1938, figs. 89-91 a n d page 277 ... 54 Fig. 3 South In d ia n kolam (th resh o ld design). After an an o n y m o u s article

in The Illustrated W eekly o f India, J a n . 24, 1954, p. 43; su p p le m ented by d a ta obtained from In d ia n housew ives by Fr. Stephen F uchs, S.V.D., chiefly in In d o re (M ad h y a P ra d e sh ). O m itted from o u r d r awing are sim ple m otifs (rosettes?) occupying the four large loops, w hich c a n n o t be m ade out clearly in the p u b lish ed illu stra tion. T he central turtie is of a type w h ich occurs com m only (b u t w ithout the su rro u n d in g looped sq u a re s) in the p rin te d p attern-

books used by In d ia n housew ives for m ak in g th resh o ld designs.

(F o r other designs from su ch p attern -b o o k s, see Figs. 8, 2 4 ) ... 52 Fig. 4 Copy of a B alinese painting rep resen tin g the cosm os, after Covar-

ru b ia s, 1942, facing p. 6. In the original, the b ack g ro u n d (sky) is black, w ith “ falling s ta rs ” in w hite. T he ‘‘S uprem e B eing” at the top is also w hite, w hile the ‘‘W o rld T u rtie ” a n d the snakes are

done in vario u s shades of gray.

In connection with this illustration, Covarrubias, op. cit., p. 7, renders the following cosmogony from a Balinese popular m anuscript, the Chatur Yoga: “ Before there were the heavens, there was no earth, and when there was no earth, there was no sky . . . Through m editation, the world serpent Antaboga created the tu rtie Bedawang, on whom lie coiled two snakes as the foundation of the World. On the world tu rtie rests a lid, the Black Stone. There is no sun, there is no moon, there is no night in the cave below (the underside of the stone); this is the underworld, whose gods are the male B atara K ala and th e female

Setesuyara. There lives also the great serpent B asuki” ... 59 Fig. 5 Carving on a Jav an ese stone, d ated by its inscription S ak a 1337

= A.D. 1415. O riginal in the D ja k a rta M useum , p u b lish ed by Crucq, 1933. T he draw ing for our illustration w as k indly p re p a re d by Dr. A. A. G erbrands of the R ijksm useum voor V olkenkunde in L eiden, from a p h o to g rap h kept in the Kern Institute, L eiden.

F rom his exam ination of th a t p hotog rap h, Dr. G erbrands concludes th at there m ust originally have been four snakes, w ith a h ead an d

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a tail com ing together n e a r each leg of the turtie (cf. Fig. 7).

A ccurate reco n stru ctio n of the design is m ade difficult by the dam - aged condition of the original. (R econstructed p arts are re n d e re d

by dots). Note the face w ithin the d iag ram at the l e f t ... 59 Fig. 6 Design of turtie an d serpent, representin g the no rth , carved on a

stone m o n u m en t of the H an dynasty (206 B.C. to A.D. 221), at Chao Chia P ’ing in Sui-Ting prefecture, n e a r Pa-Chiarig, Szech’u an ,

C hina. After Ségalen, de Voisins an d L artigue, 1935, p. 80, fig. 35. 59 Fig. 7 D raw ing in a B atak m an u scrip t. L o n d o n , B ritish M useum , De

p a rtm e n t of O riental P rin ted Books an d M anuscripts, Add. 19,381.

(T he sh ad in g rep resen ts re d pigm ent; the lines are b lack ). A sim-

plified version of this eight-snake m otif occurs in Fig. 41 ... 60 Fig. 8 South In d ia n th resh o ld design. After L ay ard , 1937, fig. 25 b (cf.

Plates 2 an d 4 )... 60 Fig. 9 Design on a S um erian seal of the arch aic period. Beginning of the

th ird m illen n iu m B.C. After L egrain, 1936, pi. 15, no. 2 8 6 ... 61 Fig. 10 D raw ing in a B atak m an u scrip t. Detail of Fig. 4 1 ... 62

^ t

Fig. 11 T attooing design from L aos. After N guyén-X uån-N guyén, 1942,

pi. ii, Fig. 15 e ... 62 Fig. 12 In scrip tio n on a Chinese bronze h a lb e rd -b la d e or “ dagger-axe”

(Tro) of the Shang p erio d (before 1122 B.C.). After H entze, 1939, fig. 3. On the original there are two su ch signs, placed side by side:

th at on the left, here re p ro d u c e d , w ith the “ h å n d ” at the top facing

right; th a t on the right having the “ h å n d ” facing le f t... 62 Fig. 13 In scrib ed copper tab let from M ohenjo-D aro in the In d u s Valley.

Late H a ra p p a n civilization. P ro b ab ly 13th century B.C. After Mar-

shall, 1931, iii, pi. cxviii, fig. 5. (See text, op. cit., ii, p. 4 0 0 ) ... 62 Fig. 14 In scrib ed copper tab let from M ohenjo-D aro in the In d u s Valley.

Late H a ra p p a n civilization. P ro b ab ly 13th century B.C. After M ackay, 1937—38, ii, pi. xciii, fig. 4. (See text, op. cit., i, p. 3 6 4 f, wdiere n u m ero u s references are given to sim ilar looped designs in

other c u ltu r e s ) ... 62 Fig. 15 Design on an E gyptian sc a ra b seal. L ate M iddle Kingdom period

of the H yksos invasions (13th to 17th dyn asties; ab o u t 1800—1600

B.C.). After Petrie, 1925, pi. viii, fig. 1 3 0 ... 63 Fig. 16 E gyptian hieroglyphic sign for “ looped ro p e ” , used from about

2900 B.C. onw ard. After G ardiner, 1950, p. 522 ... 63 Fig. 16 a Design resist-dyed w ith starch on an indigo cloth from the G ashaka,

C am eroons, A frica. After the original, on loan to the M ilw aukee

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Fig. 16 b Fig. 17 Fig. 18 Fig. 19

Fig. 20

Fig. 21 Fig. 22

Fig. 23

Fig. 24

Fig. 25

Public M useum by Mr. P aul G ebauer, B am enda, B ritish Came- roons. M useum n u in b er, G. 1 3 7 ...

G round-draw ing of the Quioco, Angola. After Santos, 1961, lig. 3 D raw ing in a B atak m an u scrip t. L eiden, U niversity L ib rary , Ms.

Or. 3533 ...

Design p ain ted on an Egyptian ja r of the M iddle P redynastic Period.

A bout 3400 B.C. After H ornblow er, 1928, fig. 2 ...

Design traced in sand. M alekula, New H ebrides. After D eacon, 1934, p. 172, fig. 74. The heavy line rep resen ts a p relim in ary fram ew o rk : the endless loop begins at “ A” an d ends at “ B ” ...

D raw ing of the im pression of a seal from the S assan ian site of Kasr- i-A bu-N asr, n ear Shiraz, Ira n , here rep ro d u ced for the first tim e by courtesy of the excavator, Mr. C harles K. W ilkinson of the Met

rop olitan M useum of Art, New Y ork. See W ilkinson, 1936 ...

D raw ing of a “ la b y rin th ” in a B atak m an u scrip t. Detail of Fig. 41 H in d u -Jav an ese gold ring w ith engraved “ la b y rin th ” . D iam eters of the oval “ seal” , 1. 8x2 cm. After the original in L eiden, Rijks- m useum voor V olkenkunde, 1403/2831. F o u n d in a h o a rd of gold an d silver objects at G uranting, Tjiaw i District, T asik M alaya, P reanger, Southwest Ja v a , in 1882. See O u dheidkundige Dienst in N ederlan d sch -Indié, 1914, p. 75; an d cf. our note 5 0 ...

T he lab y rin th in e “ fortress” of R åv an a on L a n k a (C eylon), as d raw n in a m an u scrip t of A lb eru n i’s India (com posed ab o u t A.D.

1030). After the original in Paris, B ibliothéque N ationale, Collection Schefer, m a n u scrit a ra b e 6080 (being a copy m ade in 554 H. = A.D. 1159), k in dly p h o to g rap h ed for the w riter in 1951 by Dr. A nna Roes of H uis ter H eide, N etherlands. In S a c h a u ’s tran slatio n of A lberuni, 1910, i, p. 307, the A rabic legend in the center of the design is rep laced by an E nglish one read in g “ the castle” ...

“ L a b y rin th ” from a p attern -b o o k of threshold-designs, p u b lish ed in In d ia over 100 years ago, an d kindly secured for the w riter by Mr. Severine Silva of K arw ar, N orth K anara, in 1954. T he trilingual explanation in M arathi, H indi a n d G ujerati accom panying the illus

tratio n (fig. 135 in the original) m ay be tra n sla te d : “ Stretch out an a rra y [cakravyuha] of A b h im a n v u ’s soldiers in eight circles” .

“ L a b y rin th ” carved on a b o u ld er at M akhchesk, N orth Ossetia A utonom ous T erritory, C aucasus. After Miller, 1925, fig. 26. See the photographic rep ro d u ctio n of the sam e stone in our Plate 11.

63 63 64 64

64

65 66

67

68

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1

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Fig. 26 R ider em erging from a “ la b y rin th ” : graffito on an E tru scan vase of the late 7th century B.C., from T ragliatella. After R enndorf, 1891, p. 49, fig. 1. (See also Giglioli, 1929, as cited in our note 5 6 ). . . . Fig. 27 Cretan coin w ith “ la b y rin th .” T h ird century B.C. After Svoronos,

1890, pi. vi, AR 1 8 ...

Fig. 28 Design of a “ la b y rin th ” carv ed on a sloping outcrop of rock at Os C am pinos, Monte Mogor, n e a r P ontevedra, Galicia, northw estern Spain. B ronze age. (P ro b a b ly second h a lf of the second m illen- n iu m B.C.: see note 57). After a p h o to g rap h m ade by the w riter in situ, July , 1956. W idth, ab o u t 66 cm. A foreshortened draw ing of the sam e la b y rin th is p u b lish ed by O berm aier, 1925, fig. 9; and a p h o to g rap h of a cast of it is re p ro d u c e d by Sobrino, 1935, fig. 170.

A nother lab y rin th a few m eters from this one at the sam e site is rep ro d u ced in our Plate 8 ...

Fig. 29 C retan coin w ith “ la b y rin th ” . T h ird century B.C. After Spratt, 1865, ]>. 5. (O riginal in the B ritish M u s e u m ) ...

Fig. 30 Graffito, in scrib ed “ LABY RINTHV S. HIC H A BITA T MINOTAV- RVS” , from Pom peii (w hich w as overw helm ed by V esuvius in A . D. 79). After M atthews, 1922, fig. 3 2 ...

Fig. 31 “ L a b y rin th ” w oven in a grass m at from Ceylon. W idth of motif, 22.4 cm. After C oom arasw am y, 1944, fig. 5 ( = C oom arasw am y, 1908, fig. 143, w here the associated folk-lore is g iv e n )...

Fig. 32 “ L a b y rin th ” in a B atak m an u scrip t. L ondon, B ritish M useum , D epartm en t of O riental P rinted Books a n d M anuscripts, Add.

19,381. (T h e sh ad in g rep resen ts re d pigm ent; the lines are b la c k ) ...

Fig. 33 B atak d iag ram for divination (porm am is na lim a) inscribed on a bam b o o tube. BAT. 5 7 ...

Fig. 34 P ainted pottery bow l of the chalcolithic p erio d (a b o u t 3500—3300 B . C.) from Persepolis, Ira n . After McCown, 1940, p. 108 (w ho calls the figures “ vertical and h o rizo n tal m e n ” ). See the discussion of the design of this bow l in Schuster, 1956, fig. 40, also H erzfeld,

1941, figs. 56, 57; an d com pare note 71 of the p resen t article . . . Fig. 35 B rass weight for w eighing gold dust. A shanti, G hana (Gold Coast).

After the original in L eiden, R ijksm useum voor V olkenkunde, 505/13. Size: 2 .8 x 4 .0 cm. P u b lish ed : Zeller, 1912, pi. xv, fig. 400.

Sim ilar specim ens are p reserved in m an y m u seu m collections. A fairly full discussion of the W est A frican m otive of “ crossed croco- diles” is offered by M eyerowitz, 1951, p. 73f, w ho says, am ong

68

69

69 70

70

71

71 72

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Fig. 36

Fig. 37 Fig. 38

Fig. 39

Fig. 40

Fig. 41

Fig. 42

other things, th a t the m otive is in G hana a special em blem of ro y

alty. Cf. also Fagg, 1951, p. 6, note 1; a n d Paulm e, 1956, fig. 15. 73 Design incised on the bottom of a calab ash -b o w l from G hana (Gold

Coast), W est A frica. After D ahse, 1911, p. 67. See also a photographic rep ro d u ctio n of the sam e bow l in B au m an n , 1929, p. 109, fig. 2, and a discussion of this m otive, as fig. 40 b, in Schuster, 1956.

(T his m edallion is only p a rt of the w hole decoration of the bow l) 73 D raw ing in a B atak m an u scrip t. L eiden, U niversity L ib rary , Ms.

Or. 3533 ... 74 P ainted sherd of neolithic pottery from T epe M oussian, Iran . A bout

3500-3200 B.C. H eight 6.7 cm. After G autier an d L am p re, 1905, fig. 262. Cf. W ilke, 1923, fig. 63; H erzfeld, 1941, figs. 40, 53-55 (related designs in Susa I, in B aluchistan, an d at H a ra p p å an d

M oh en jo -D aro ); an d B reuil, 1908, fig. 206 ... 74 P ainted sh erd of neolithic pottery from T epe Giyan, Iran . A bout

m iddle of the fourth m illen n iu m B.C. After C ontenau an d G hirsh-

m an, 1935, pi. 43, no. 17 (text, p. 6 3 ) ... 75 P ainted design on the sh o u ld er of a biconical vase from Petreny,

B essarabia. P ro b ab ly early p a rt of the second m illennium B.C.

(b u t representing an archaizing trad itio n ). After von Stern, 1907—08, pi. 2, fig. 3. Also re p ro d u c e d by von Stern, 1929, pi. 20 a, an d W ilke, 1923, fig. 63. On the vase itself this m otif is in co rp o rated in a b an d of spiraloid o rn am en t of “ trip o ly e” type, w hich is itself u n d o u b ted ly derived from a series of h u m a n figures, connected

by their arm s an d legs. (See note 73, th ird p a r a g r a p h ) ... 75 Page from a B atak m an u scrip t. After the original in L eiden, Ko-

nin k lijk In stitu u t voor T aal-, L an d - en V olkenkunde, Ms. Or. 192 p. a 19. In clu d ed on this page are exam ples of the second, th ird an d fo u rth motives discussed in our text (Figs. 7, 10 an d 21). T he inscriptions say only: “ T hese are the m agical designs” . [Exactly the sam e com bination of designs is found in MS. L eiden, U ni

versity L ib rary , Or. 3541 p. a 1. P .V .] ... 76 A tracing from a draw ing in a pastaha form erly in the Mission

M useum at Goirle (N o o rd -B rab an t, T he N etherlands) no. 908 . . . 229

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3. V IG N ETTES

25 small drawings from the Karo-Batak MS. BAT. 47 have been used as vignettes in this catalogue. They represent the 12 pormesa (signs of the zodiac as understood by the Batak), 8 panggorda (animals connected with the points of the compass) and 5 pormamis (Hindu gods connected with the periods of the day).

Pormesa (K aro : pérmesa).

1. mesa (S k r. mesa), Aries, K aro kam bing, g o a t ... 95 2. merseba (S k r. vrsabha), T a u ru s, K aro kaba-kaba, b u tte r f ly ... 99 3. m etuna (S kr. m ith u n a), Gem ini, K aro gaja, w o r m ... 114 4. m érkata (S k r. k a rk a ta), C ancer, K aro rikrik, f r o g ... 120 5. singa (S kr. sim ha), Leo, K aro arimo, t i g e r ... 122 6. kanija (S k r. k a n g å ), Virgo, K aro kaliki, k i t e ... 131 7. tula (S k r. tulå), L ib ra , K aro tim bangén, s c a l e s ... 141 8. dahanu (S k r. dhanu), Sagittarius (9), K aro kaju buruk, rotten w ood . . 145 9. m akara (S k r. m akara), C apricorn us (10), K aro gajo, c r a b ... 149 10. kum ba (S k r. ku m b h a), A q u ariu s (11), K aro ta(m )pajan, j a r ... 161 11. m ertika (S kr. vrscika), Scorpio (8), K aro babi(n)tang, c o n ste lla tio n . . . 165 12. m ena (S k r. m ina), Pisces, K aro ika n, f is h ... 168

Panggorda1 (K aro : panggurdaha).

1. gurdaha (S k r. garuda), G aru da, E ast, K aro géndang, d r u m ... 171 2. gera (S k r. ), , K aro m anuk, f o w l... 174 3. suw ana (S k r. éuan), Dog, South-W est, K aro bijang, d o g ... 179 4. m usika (S k r. m usika), Rat, N orth-W est, K aro tikus, r a t ... 182 5. sérpa (S k r. sarpa), Serpent, W est, K aro abal-abal, b am b o o container for

s a lt... 188 6. singa (S k r. sim ha), L ion, South, K aro arimo, t i g e r ... 189 7. sangbinaja (S kr. ), , K aro api, f ir e ... 192 8. mérsabuwa (S kr. ), , K aro buwaja, c r o c o d ile ... 193

Porm am is (K aro : perm am is).

1. m am is (S k r. M ahesvara), K aro kam bing, g o a t ... 195 2. bisnu (S k r. Visnu), K aro beras, h u sk e d r i c e ... 197 3. seri (skr. Sri), K aro ka (m )p il, betel b a g ... 198 4. kala (S kr. Kåla), K aro katjip-katjip gelang, s c o r p i o n ... 201 5. berma (S kr. B rahm å), K aro pola, p a lm w in e ... 204 ff 2) The only Indian source I know for the panggorda is an English translation of a Tamil éilpaéåstra in Indian Aniiquary vol. 5 p. 296. In Batak the order of the points of the compass is different and it remains a puzzle how to combine Batak nos. 2, 7 and 8 with Cat (skr. mårjåra"}), South-East; Hare (Skr. sasa?), N orth-East; and Elephant (Skr.

gaja"}), North.

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Pl a t e 2. Exorcism by means of a snake design. South India.

P l a t e 3. Indian woman drawing a threshold design.

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P l a t e 4. Disk of palm -leaf and mica. Ceylon.

P ^{l a t e} 5. Silver panel from Palem bang, Sumatra.

P^{l a t e} 6. A ncient Chinese bronze plaque.

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Pl a t e 8. Rock-carved “labyrinth” , northwestern Spam. Bronze age.

Pl a t e 9. Boulder w ith incised “ labyrinth” , Ireland. Bronze age.

P ^{l a t e} 10. “ Labyrinth” cut on a vertical rock wall, Cornwall, England.

Presum ably bronze age.

P l a t e 11. “ L abyrinth” cut on a boulder, Caucasus. Presum ably end of the second m illennium B.C.

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P l a t e 12. The Great Dragon. BAT. 5.

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