Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Bo Grönlund, architect maa, sa, associate professor Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Copenhagen

(1)

Crime Prevention

Through Environmental Design

Bo Grönlund, architect maa, sa, associate professor

Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Copenhagen

(2)

 

All four dimensions are important

 

But lots of goal conflicts

 

And different professional interests

 

And uneven priorities

 

And lack of co-operation

(3)

  High level of crime and fear of crime

  Spatial and social segregation

  Anonymity and density of cities

  Multiculturalism

  Modernist urban planning and architecture

  Insufficiency of other approaches only

Urban Safety - Bo Grönlund 22/10/2010

(4)

 

Routine Activity Theory - the base of CPTED

 

Take care of any factor – and crime is reduced

(5)

  Jane Jacobs – The Death and Life of US cities, 1961

  Oscar Newman – Defensible Space, 1972

  C. Jay Jeffery – CPTED the book, 1971

  Alice Coleman – Utopia on Trial, 1985

  Bill Hillier – The Integrated Space Approach, 2000

  J.M. van Dijk, Implementation in NL, ca. 2000 (2010)

Newman 1972 Newman 1996

(6)

(7)

 

Urban Planning Strategies

  ⎯ taking into account existing social and physical structures;

  ⎯ guaranteeing accessibility and avoiding enclaves;

  ⎯ creating vitality (blending functions and activities, attractive layout);

  ⎯ providing mixed status (blending socio-economic groups, avoiding segregation);

  ⎯ creating adequate urban density to allow vitality and natural surveillance;

  ⎯ avoiding physical barriers (due to infrastructures etc.) and waste land.

 

Urban Design Strategies

  ⎯ layout (continuity of urban fabric and pedestrian/bicycle routes);

  ⎯ specific location of activities;

  ⎯ time schedules coordination to guarantee continuous natural surveillance;

  ⎯ visibility (overview, sight lines between e.g. dwellings and public space, lighting, etc.);

  ⎯ accessibility (orientation, alternatives routes, limiting access for no authorised people);

  ⎯ territoriality (human scale, clear public/private zones, compartmentalisation);

  ⎯ attractiveness (colour, material, lighting, noise, smell, street furniture);

  ⎯ robustness (materials e.g. street furniture, fences).

 

Urban Management Strategies …..

22/10/2010 Urban Safety - Bo Grönlund

(8)

 

Movement network layout – integrating

 

Spatial overview and visible people – where it is needed

 

Distinctions public/private, front/back

 

Functional mix for populated spaces throughout the day

 

Activities and involvement

 

Built density for populated spaces – eventually add more

 

Symbolic / physical barriers – in the right places

 

Buildings and indoor spaces with security considered

Ärvinge, Stockholm Now also process !

(9)

Urban Safety - Bo Grönlund

- CIAM’s space + Mass industrialised housing - The systematic opposition to the traditional city - Result: Spatial segregation + social segregation

22/10/2010 SE, DK, NO apartment building 1949-84

Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne 1928-59

(10)

 

Built with CIAM principles in the 70s

 

2x1 km enclave, no through traffic, isolated

 

Poor working shopping mall and green space

 

Correlation of spatial design with crime

 

District improvement – a bit better, but….

(11)

’Immigrants’, ’no job’, convicted

(12)

 

Pedestrian and bike network – integration (warm colours) decrease inward

 

Spatial segregation increase inward (cold colours)

 

Green space and public buildings are located deep in space

(13)

 

Vollmose north – local police plotting

 

Crime 2002 (red=robbery, yellow=theft, green=burglary)

(14)

 

Vollmose south – local police plotting

 

Crime 2002 (red=robbery, yellow=theft, green=burglary)

(15)

 

Tunnel with poor overview and no surveillance = robbery

 

School with poor overview and no surveillance = vandalism and burglary

(16)

 

No windows towards pedestrian an bike routes

 

Dense greenery/ bushy along pedestrian an bike routes

 

Day and night – two different worlds

 

Black holes around real estate border lines

 

Housing companies and public lighting not coordinated!

(17)

  New widened entrance to the mall – with overview

  Individual garages – at right angle to building block

  Closed basement passages – safer but far to the ’garden’ side

  Locks on high doors to row-house entrance yards

  And, of course, a lot of social and cultural projects…..

(18)

 

Improved routes for pedestrians and bikers

 

Wider profile for less conflicts

 

Weeding out and cutting the bushes

 

Better lighting

 

New play and sports facilities

 

But lonely anyhow…..

(19)

Hammarby Sjöstad in the south east

- also an important ecological sustainability project

22/10/2010

Stockholm since 1999 ’builds the city inwards’

at the edge of the inner city

(20)

  A new ‘Light Rail City’ with streets and blocks – being built since the late 1990s

  Functional mix – in the right locations

  8000 dwellings, 15.000-20.000 residents, 8000 places of work

  Populated streets and walks, rich in services and recreational places

(21)

  The car can be seen from the window

  Entrances with see-through-glass, bike parking and bench

  Look-through balcony railings with good contact between the dwelling and the city

  You can even look into the supermarket from the outside – because its floor is lower

(22)

  Several pleasant and interesting walks and parks

  Restaurants, cafés, a library and other facilities to visit

  Courtyards often have qualities for stay – here with allotment gardens

(23)

 

Help guide movement and decent behaviour

 

Increase social contacts

22/10/2010

(24)

  There is not many burglaries into dwellings in Hammarby Sjöstad, but electronic keys give more control

  Storage rooms have more thefts – here electronic keys are even more relevant

(25)

  Many small bicycle rooms are needed – spacious and with electronic security keys

  Outdoor bicycle parking shall be visible from windows and with solid racks to lock the bikes to

22/10/2010

(26)

Some large garages with public and private parking mixed – CCTV,

visibility and overview thought of, but theft problem anyhow Smaller, private dwelling garages - better but still some thefts

(27)

96% of the residents say that they feel safe in the area .

Crime statistics 2008 in the new parts of southern Hammarby Sjöstad:

There were very few serious crimes that could be related to CPTED issues:

- 1 outdoor rape, - 1 murder attempt,

- 1 case of serious violence - 4 dwelling burglaries.

Else:

- 182 Car related crimes – (indicating prevention is not good enough) - 158 Bike thefts (indicating prevention is not good enough)

- 125 Simple thefts, (of many kinds, some difficult to prevent further by CPTED) - 105 Burglaries (on building sites, in cellars/storage rooms, in enterprises/shops) - 6 Robberies

- 6 Violent incidents outdoors

(28)