A Very Short Introduction to Pervasive Computing
Nicola Dragoni
Embedded Systems Engineering Section DTU Compute
Technical University of Denmark
Some of these slides have been found on the Web and adapted for this talk. Most of the original material is by Dr Andy Hunt, Electronics Department, University of York.
What’s in this Room?
• Anything electronic which processes information Typically we find
‣ Mobile Phones
‣ PDAs
‣ Laptop computers
‣ Games consoles (hopefully turned off...)
‣ Mp3 players
• Any other info processing devices?
What Else is Here?
• Passive information storage
‣ Bank cards with chip-&-pin
‣ Products with RFID tag
• Anyone got a device inside?
‣ Pacemaker
‣ Diabetic insulin release
Energy Processing
• Humans used own energy
‣ Helped by animals
‣ and devices
• Industrial revolution
‣ Energy was harnessed or generated (e.g. steam engines)
‣ Expanding human physical power
Energy Processing (2)
• Energy decentralised
‣ Power stations
‣ National Grid – distributed power
‣ Individual engines – mobility
• Energy made pervasive
‣ Application-driven devices
‣ Battery power
‣ Miniaturisation
Information Processing
• Humans used own brainpower
‣ Helped by paper
‣ and devices
• Computer revolution
‣ Information was harnessed
‣ Expanding human mental power
‣ 1940s: IBM president
Thomas J Watson
1946: ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
I think there is a world market for about 5 computers.
MAINFRAME
ERA
Information Processing (2)
• Computing Decentralised
• Bill Gates (early 1970s)
• PCs
• Laptops
PERSONAL COMPUTING
ERA
IBM 360 mid 1960s
PDP-11: early 1970s
IBM PC (DOS) 1981 IBM PC Convertible 1986
Sub-notebooks mid-2000s One Laptop
per Child: 2007
Wireless Self-powered
Multimedia
< £70
A computer on every desktop and
in every home
Information Processing (3)
• Devices which do NOT look like computers, but :
‣ Process data
‣ Store information
‣ Connect to: other devices and/or the Internet
• Pervasive Computing
‣ Focus on the application
‣ Often portable, low-power, always connected
PERVASIVE COMPUTING
ERA
Computing Eras
• Mainframe
‣ Many people, one computer
‣ Fixed, central location
• PC
‣ One person, one computer
‣ Fixed location, decentralised
• Pervasive (Ubiquitous)
‣ One person, many devices
‣ The same device can be used by many users
The Trends...
New User Model!
• From
‣ M:1 [MAINFRAME ERA]
‣ .. to 1:1 [PERSONAL COMPUTING ERA]
‣ .. to M:N [PERVASIVE COMPUTING ERA]
Industry 4.0
Internet of Things (IoT)
• From Online Oxford Dictionary:
The interconnection via the Internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data
Embed
computation
and
connectivity in everyday objects
Internet Of Things (IoT)… in Numbers!
World Population
As of March 2016, estimated at 7.4 BILLION
The Father of Pervasive Computing
• 1990s: Mark Weiser (Xerox PARC)
• First to talk about Ubiquitous Computing
• Weiser’s principles (source Wikipedia)
‣ The purpose of a computer is to help you do something else
‣ The best computer is a quiet, invisible servant
‣ The more you can do by intuition the smarter you are
‣ Technology should create calm
• Please read “The Computer for the 21st Century” (1991)
http://www.ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/SciAmDraft3.html
• More information here: http://www-sul.stanford.edu/weiser/
Mark Weiser: 1952-99
Principles of Pervasive Computing
• Decentralisation
‣ Mainframe → PDAs and Embedded Computers
‣ Distributed, Peer-2-Peer, Mobile, Small, Powerful
• Diversification
‣ Universal → (Task) specific devices
‣ Huge number of new ‘Clients’
• Connectivity
‣ Data exchanged between (always-on) devices
‣ Wireless connection / internet
• Simplicity
‣ Seamless interfaces, intuitive, “calm”
Scenario: Smart Home
SMART
CITY
Scenario: Pervasive Healthcare
• Biological monitoring
• Pervasive computing in hospitals
• Assistive technologies
• Eldercare
• Homecare and treatment
• Medicine compliance
• ...
Scenario: Environmental & Green Computing
• Monitoring energy consumptions in homes and buildings (sensor network)
• Visualizing & Awareness
• Pollution monitoring
• Garbage handling
• Environmental Monitoring
Scenario: Automotive Computing
• On-board Computers & In-Vehicle Networks
‣ GPS Navigation
‣ Infotainment
‣ Telematic
‣ Services
The Power of Mobile Convergence
In General... Smart Objects!
• The MediaCup first presented at HUC 1999
• Embed “intelligence” in everyday objects
• Sensors, cpu, ...
• Wireless connectivity
• Now: Internet of Things (IoT)
From the Cloud…
NOT DESIGNED FOR THE VOLUME, VARIETY, AND VELOCITY OF DATA THAT IOT GENERATES
… to the Fog
FOG COMPUTING: “SYSTEM-LEVEL ARCHITECTURE THAT DISTRIBUTES RESOURCES AND SERVICES OF COMPUTING, STORAGE, CONTROL AND NETWORKING ANYWHERE ALONG THE CONTINUUM FROM CLOUD TO THINGS” [OpenFog Consortium]
MINIMIZE
LATENCY
CONSERVE
NETWORK
BANDWIDTH
BETTER
SECURITY
DEEPER INSIGHTS
WITH PRIVACY
CONTROL
Industry 4.0 = Convergence of IT and OT
OPERATIONS TECHNOLOGIES (OT) BECOME VIRTUALIZED
Analyzing data close to the device that collected the data can make the difference between averting disaster and a cascading system failure…
“The most profound technologies are those that disappear.
They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it.”
[Mark Weiser: 1952-99]
