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7DEOH CRF energy sectors and relevant NIR chapters
IPCC id IPCC sector name NERI documentation
1 Energy Stationary combustion, Transport, Fugitive, Industry 1A Fuel Combustion Activities Stationary combustion, Transport, Industry
1A1 Energy Industries Stationary combustion 1A1a Electricity and Heat Production Stationary combustion 1A1b Petroleum Refining Stationary combustion 1A1c Solid Fuel Transf./Other Energy Industries Stationary combustion
1A2 Fuel Combustion Activities/Industry (ISIC) Stationary combustion, Transport, Industry 1A2a Iron and Steel Stationary combustion, Industry
1A2b Non-Ferrous Metals Stationary combustion, Industry 1A2c Chemicals Stationary combustion, Industry 1A2d Pulp, Paper and Print Stationary combustion, Industry 1A2e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco Stationary combustion, Industry
1A2f Other (please specify) Stationary combustion, Transport, Industry
1A3 Transport Transport
1A3a Civil Aviation Transport 1A3b Road Transportation Transport
1A3c Railways Transport
1A3d Navigation Transport
1A3e Other (please specify) Transport
1A4 Other Sectors Stationary combustion, Transport 1A4a Commercial/Institutional Stationary combustion
1A4b Residential Stationary combustion, Transport 1A4c Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing Stationary combustion, Transport 1A5 Other (please specify) Stationary combustion, Transport 1A5a Stationary Stationary combustion
1A5b Mobile Transport
1B Fugitive Emissions from Fuels Fugitive
1B1 Solid Fuels Fugitive
1B1a Coal Mining Fugitive
1B1a1 Underground Mines Fugitive 1B1a2 Surface Mines Fugitive 1B1b Solid Fuel Transformation Fugitive 1B1c Other (please specify) Fugitive 1B2 Oil and Natural Gas Fugitive
1B2a Oil Fugitive
1B2a2 Production Fugitive
1B2a3 Transport Fugitive
1B2a4 Refining/Storage Fugitive 1B2a5 Distribution of oil products Fugitive
1B2a6 Other Fugitive
1B2b Natural Gas Fugitive
1B2b1 Production/processing Fugitive 1B2b2 Transmission/distribution Fugitive 1B2c Venting and Flaring Fugitive 1B2c1 Venting and Flaring Oil Fugitive 1B2c2 Venting and Flaring Gas Fugitive
1B2d Other Fugitive
Summary tables for the energy sector are shown below.
7DEOH CO2 emission from the energy sector Greenhouse gas source and sink
categories
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 (Gg)
1. Energy 51 462 61 974 56 067 58 364 61 982 58 938 72 285 62 616 58 559 55 765 A. Fuel Combustion (Sectoral
Approach) 51 198 61 456 55 532 57 896 61 514 58 576 71 886 62 053 58 138 54 869 1. Energy Industries 26 173 35 113 30 082 31 627 35 352 31 934 44 321 35 084 31 381 28 231 2. Manufacturing Industries and
Construction 5 424 5 944 5 769 5 609 5 769 5 891 6 081 6 124 6 154 6 222 3. Transport 10 528 10 904 11 102 11 225 11 712 11 852 12 106 12 291 12 263 12 258 4. Other Sectors 8 954 9 208 8 439 9 198 8 430 8 646 9 202 8 384 8 136 7 976
5. Other 119 287 141 237 252 252 176 171 204 182
B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels 263 518 534 468 468 363 399 563 421 896 1. Solid Fuels NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO
2. Oil and Natural Gas 263 518 534 468 468 363 399 563 421 896
&RQWLQXHG 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 1. Energy 51 273 52 863 52 454 57 783 52 121 48 543 55 838 A. Fuel Combustion (Sectoral
Approach) 50 680 52 232 51 921 57 235 51 515 48 109 55 423 1. Energy Industries 25 114 26 400 26 553 31 402 25 396 22 136 29 470 2. Manufacturing Industries and
Construction 6 008 6 089 5 801 5 770 5 816 5 607 5 630 3. Transport 12 050 12 048 12 151 12 613 12 923 13 056 13 417 4. Other Sectors 7 398 7 598 7 328 7 358 7 141 7 039 6 779
5. Other 111 97 89 92 239 271 126
B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels 593 631 533 548 606 435 415 1. Solid Fuels NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO 2. Oil and Natural Gas 593 631 533 548 606 435 415
7DEOH CH4 emission from the energy sector Greenhouse gas source and sink
categories
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 (Gg)
1. Energy 10.69 11.92 12.39 14.74 18.05 24.28 28.90 28.97 30.35 30.64 A. Fuel Combustion (Sectoral
Ap-proach) 8.80 9.64 10.22 12.35 15.50 21.34 26.07 25.85 27.23 27.07 1. Energy Industries 1.11 1.54 1.86 3.46 6.53 11.84 15.41 14.92 16.16 16.09 2. Manufacturing Industries and
Construction 0.71 0.74 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.84 1.28 1.28 1.37 1.37 3. Transport 2.67 2.71 2.68 2.64 2.55 2.42 2.32 2.23 2.14 2.03 4. Other Sectors 4.31 4.63 4.96 5.50 5.67 6.21 7.05 7.40 7.55 7.57 5. Other 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels 1.89 2.28 2.17 2.39 2.55 2.94 2.83 3.12 3.12 3.56 1. Solid Fuels NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO 2. Oil and Natural Gas 1.89 2.28 2.17 2.39 2.55 2.94 2.83 3.12 3.12 3.56
&RQWLQXHG 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 1. Energy 30.45 32.10 32.17 32.40 32.31 30.47 28.31 A. Fuel Combustion (Sectoral
Ap-proach) 26.64 28.29 28.22 28.38 27.47 25.68 23.66 1. Energy Industries 15.28 16.55 16.48 16.17 15.18 13.20 11.42 2. Manufacturing Industries and
Construction 1.57 1.64 1.50 1.50 1.49 1.29 1.16 3. Transport 1.91 1.79 1.68 1.62 1.53 1.42 1.34 4. Other Sectors 7.88 8.31 8.56 9.09 9.26 9.76 9.74
5. Other 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels 3.81 3.82 3.94 4.02 4.84 4.80 4.65 1. Solid Fuels NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO 2. Oil and Natural Gas 3.81 3.82 3.94 4.02 4.84 4.80 4.65
7DEOH N2O emission from the energy sector
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$
Fuel consumption and emissions from stationary combustion plants in CRF sectors 1A1, 1A2 and 1A4 are all included in this chapter. Further details on the inventories for stationary combustion are enclosed in An-nex 3A.
6RXUFHFDWHJRU\GHVFULSWLRQ
Emission source categories, fuel consumption data and emission data are presented in this chapter.
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In the Danish emission database, all activity rates and emissions are de-fined in SNAP sector categories (Selected Nomenclature for Air Pollu-tion) according the CORINAIR system. The emission inventories are prepared from a complete emission database, based on the SNAP sec-tors. Aggregation to the IPCC sector codes is based on a correspondence list between SNAP and IPCC enclosed in Annex 3A. Stationary combus-tion is defined as combuscombus-tion activities in the SNAP sectors 01-03.
Stationary combustion plants are included in the emission source sub-categories:
Greenhouse gas source and sink categories
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 (Gg)
1. Energy 1.28 1.42 1.37 1.41 1.47 1.49 1.69 1.60 1.54 1.53 A. Fuel Combustion (Sectoral
Ap-proach) 1.28 1.41 1.36 1.41 1.46 1.49 1.68 1.59 1.53 1.51
1. Energy Industries 0.38 0.47 0.43 0.45 0.49 0.50 0.65 0.57 0.53 0.52 2. Manufacturing Industries and
Construction 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 3. Transport 0.37 0.40 0.41 0.43 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.50 4. Other Sectors 0.34 0.35 0.33 0.35 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.30
5. Other 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01
B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 1. Solid Fuels NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NONA,NO NA,NO NA,NO 2. Oil and Natural Gas 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02
&RQWLQXHG 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
1. Energy 1.47 1.49 1.48 1.53 1.48 1.44 1.52
A. Fuel Combustion (Sectoral
Ap-proach) 1.46 1.48 1.48 1.52 1.47 1.43 1.51
1. Energy Industries 0.48 0.51 0.52 0.55 0.50 0.46 0.54 2. Manufacturing Industries and
Construction 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.19 3. Transport 0.48 0.47 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.45 0.44 4. Other Sectors 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.33 0.33
5. Other 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00
B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 1. Solid Fuels NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO 2. Oil and Natural Gas 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
• 1A1 Energy, Fuel consumption, Energy Industries
• 1A2 Energy, Fuel consumption, Manufacturing Industries and Con-struction
• 1A4 Energy, Fuel consumption, Other Sectors
The emission sources $ and $ however also include emissions from transport subsectors. The emission source $ includes emissions from some off-road machinery in the industries. The emission source $ in-cludes off-road machinery in agriculture/forestry and household-/gardening. Further emissions from national fishing are included in sub-sector $.
The emission and fuel consumption data presented in tables and figures in Chapter 3.2 only includes emissions originating from stationary com-bustion plants of a given IPCC sector. The IPCC sector codes have been applied unchanged, but some sector names have been changed to reflect the stationary combustion element of the source.
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In 2006, the total fuel consumption for stationary combustion plants was 618 PJ of which 505 PJ was fossil fuels.
Fuel consumption distributed according to the stationary combustion subsectors is shown in Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2. The majority - 62% - of all fuels is combusted in the sector, 3XEOLFHOHFWULFLW\DQGKHDWSURGXFWLRQ Other sectors with high fuel consumption are 5HVLGHQWLDO and ,QGXVWU\.
)LJXUH Fuel consumption rate of stationary combustion, 2006 (based on DEA 2007a)
Coal and natural gas are the most utilised fuels for stationary combus-tion plants. Coal is mainly used in power plants and natural gas is used in power plants and decentralised CHP plants, as well as in industry, district heating and households.
Fuel consumption including renewable fuels Fuel consumption, fossil fuels
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 62%
1A1b Petroleum refining 3%
1A1c Other energy industries 5%
1A2f Industry 12%
1A4a Commercial / Institutional 3%
1A4b Residential 13%
1A4c Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries 2%
1A4c Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries 1%
1A4b Residential 11%
1A4a Commercial / Institutional 3%
1A2f Industry 13%
1A1c Other energy industries
6% 1A1b
Petroleum refining 3%
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 63%
)LJXUH Fuel consumption of stationary combustion plants 2006 (based on DEA 2007a)
Fuel consumption time-series for stationary combustion plants are pre-sented in Figure 3.3. The total fuel consumption increased by 24% from 1990 to 2006, while the fossil fuel consumption increased by 13.1%. The consumption of natural gas and renewable fuels has increased since 1990, whereas the consumption of coal has decreased.
The fuel consumption rate fluctuates considerably, largely due to elec-tricity import/export but also due to outdoor temperature variations.
The fuel consumption fluctuation is further discussed in the chapter
“Emissions”.
)LJXUH Fuel consumption time-series, stationary combustion (based on DEA 2007a)
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The GHG emissions from stationary combustion are listed in Table 3.5.
The emission from stationary combustion accounts for 58% of the total Danish GHG emission.
0 50 100 150 200 250
COAL COKE OVEN COKE PETROLEUM COKE WOOD AND SIMIL. MUNICIP. WASTES STRAW RESIDUAL OIL GAS OIL KEROSENE RAPE & FISH OIL NATURAL GAS LPG REFINERY GAS BIOGAS
Fuel consumption [PJ]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A2f Industry
1A4a Commercial / Institutional 1A4b Residential
1A4c Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Fuel consumption [PJ]
Other biomass Waste, biomass part Other fossil fuels Gas oil
Residual oil
Natural gas
Coal, brown coal and coke
The CO2 emission from stationary combustion plants accounts for 70% of the total Danish CO2 emission (not including land-use change and for-estry). The CH4 emission from stationary combustion accounts for 8% of the total Danish CH4 emission and the N2O emission from stationary combustion accounts for 4% of the total Danish N2O emission.
7DEOH Greenhouse gas emission for the year 2006 1).
CO2 CH4 N2O
Gg CO2 equivalent
1A1 Fuel consumption, Energy industries 29 470 240 168 1A2 Fuel consumption, Manufacturing Industries and Construction1) 4 609 23 44
1A4 Fuel consumption, Other sectors 1) 4 948 198 79 Total emission from stationary combustion plants 39 026 461 291
Total Danish emission (gross) 55 749 5 515 6 518
% Emission share for stationary combustion 70 8 4 1) Only stationary combustion sources of the sector is included
CO2 is the most important GHG pollutant and accounts for 97.7% of the GHG emission (CO2 eqv.).
Stationary combustion CH4
1,2%
N2O 1,0%
CO2 97,7%
)LJXUH GHG emission (CO2 equivalent) from stationary combustion plants
Figure 3.5 depicts the time-series of GHG emission (CO2 eqv.) from sta-tionary combustion and it can be seen that the GHG emission develop-ment follows the CO2 emission development very closely. Both the CO2
and the total GHG emission are higher in 2006 than in 1990 – CO2 by 4%
and GHG by 5%. However, fluctuations in the GHG emission level are large.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
GHG [Tg CO2 eq.]
Total
CO2
CH4 N2O
)LJXUH GHG emission time-series for stationary combustion
The fluctuations in the time-series are largely a result of electricity im-port/export activity, but also of outdoor temperature variations from year to year. These fluctuations are shown in Figure 3.6. The fluctuations follow the fluctuations in fuel consumption.
In 1990, the Danish electricity import was large causing relatively low fuel consumption, whereas the fuel consumption was high in 1996 due to a large electricity export. In 2006 the net electricity export was 24971 TJ in 2005 there had been a net import. The electricity export in 2006 is a result of low rainfall in Norway and Sweden causing insufficient hydropower production in both countries.
To be able to follow the national energy consumption, and for statistical and reporting purposes, the Danish Energy Authority produces a correc-tion of the actual emissions without random variacorrec-tions in electricity im-ports/exports and in ambient temperature. This emission trend, which is smoothly decreasing, is also illustrated in Figure 3.6. The corrections are included here to explain the fluctuations in the emission time-series. The GHG emission corrected for electricity import/export and ambient tem-perature has decreased by 23% since 1990, and the CO2 emission by 24%.
)LJXUH GHG emission time-series for stationary combustion and adjustment for electricity import/export and temperature variations (DEA 2007b)
Degree days Fuel consumption adjusted for electricity trade
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Degree days
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Fuel consumption [PJ]
Other biomass Waste, biomass part Other fossil fuels Gas oil
Residual oil
Natural gas
Coal, brown coal and coke
Electricity trade Fluctuations in electricity trade compared to fuel consumption
-30,000 -20,000 -10,000 0,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Electricity export [PJ]
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Fuel consumption
-60,000 -40,000 -20,000 0,000 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000
(OH FWUL FLW\
H[S RUW Fossil fuel consumption [PJ]
Coal consumption [PJ]
Electricity export [PJ]
Fuel consumption adjustment as a result of electricity trade GHG emission
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Adjustment of fuel consumption [PJ]
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
GHG [Tg CO2 eq.]
Total
CO2
CH4 N2O
CO2emission adjustment as a result of electricity trade Adjusted GHG emission, stationary combustion plants
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Adjustment of CO2 emission [Gg]
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
GHG [Tg CO2 eq.] Total
CO2
CH4 N2O
&2
The CO2 emission from stationary combustion plants is one of the most important GHG emission sources. Thus the CO2 emission from station-ary combustion plants accounts for 70% of the total Danish CO2 emis-sion. Table 3.6 lists the CO2 emission inventory for stationary combus-tion plants for 2006. Figure 3.7 reveals that (OHFWULFLW\DQGKHDWSURGXFWLRQ accounts for 69% of the CO2 emission from stationary combustion. This share is somewhat higher than the fossil fuel consumption share for this sector, which is 63% (Figure 3.1). Other large CO2 emission sources are industrial plants and residential plants. These are the sectors, which also account for a considerable share of fuel consumption.
7DEOH CO2 emission from stationary combustion plants 20061)
CO2 2006
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 26858 Gg 1A1b Petroleum refining 982 Gg 1A1c Other energy industries 1631 Gg
1A2 Industry 4609 Gg
1A4a Commercial / Institutional 957 Gg
1A4b Residential 3462 Gg
1A4c Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries 529 Gg
Total 39026 Gg
1) Only emission from stationary combustion plants in the sectors is included
)LJXUH CO2 emission sources, stationary combustion plants, 2006
The CO2 emission from combustion of biomass fuels is not included in the total CO2 emission data, because biomass fuels are considered CO2
neutral. The CO2 emission from biomass combustion is reported as a memo item in the Climate Convention reporting. In 2006, the CO2 emis-sion from biomass combustion was 11186 Gg.
Time-series for CO2 emissions are provided in Figure 3.8. Despite an in-crease in fuel consumption of 24% since 1990, CO2 emission from sta-tionary combustion has only increased by 4% due to the change in the type of fuels used.
The fluctuations of CO2 emission are discussed earlier.
1A1b Petroleum refining
3%
1A1c Other energy industries 4%
1A2 Industry 12%
1A4b Residential 9%
1A4a Commercial / Institutional 2%
1A4c Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries 1%
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 69%
)LJXUH CO2 emission time-series for stationary combustion plants
Detailed trend discussion on CRF category level is available in Annex 3A.
&+
CH4 emission from stationary combustion plants accounts for 8% of the total Danish CH4 emission. Table 3.7 lists the CH4 emission inventory for stationary combustion plants in 2006. Figure 3.9 reveals that (OHFWULFLW\
DQGKHDWSURGXFWLRQ accounts for 52% of the CH4 emission from stationary combustion, which is somewhat less than the fuel consumption share.
7DEOH CH4 emission from stationary combustion plants 2006 1)
CH4 2006
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 11 337 Mg 1A1b Petroleum refining 0.5 Mg 1A1c Other energy industries 86 Mg
1A2 Industry 1 115 Mg
1A4a Commercial / Institutional 872 Mg
1A4b Residential 7 088 Mg
1A4c Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries 1 450 Mg
Total 21 947 Mg
1) Only emission from stationary combustion plants in the sectors is included 0
10 20 30 40 50 60
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
CO2 [Tg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining
1A1c Other energy industries 1A2 Industry
1A4a Commercial / Institutional 1A4b Residential
1A4c Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries Total
Total
1A1b Petroleum refining
0,00%
1A1c Other energy industries
0,4% 1A2 Industry
5%
1A4b Residential 32%
1A4a Commercial / Institutional 4%
1A4c Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries 7%
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 52%
)LJXUH CH4 emission sources, stationary combustion plants, 2006
The CH4 emission factor for reciprocating lean-burn gas engines is much higher than for other combustion plants due to the continuous igni-tion/burn-out of the gas. Lean-burn gas engines have an especially high emission factor as discussed in the chapter regarding emission factors. A considerable number of lean-burn gas engines are in operation in Den-mark and these plants account for 60% of the CH4 emission from station-ary combustion plants (Figure 3.10). The engines are installed in CHP plants and the fuel used is either natural gas or biogas.
Gas engines 60%
Other stationary combustion plants 40%
)LJXUH Gas engine CH4 emission share, 2006.
The CH4 emission from stationary combustion increased by a factor of 3.8 since 1990 (Figure 3.11). This is due to the considerable number of lean-burn gas engines installed in CHP plants in Denmark in this period.
This increase is also the reason for the increasing IEF (implied emission factor) for gaseous fuels and biomass in the CRF sectors $, $ and
$. Figure 3.12 provides time-series for the fuel consumption rate in gas engines and the corresponding increase in CH4 emission. The decline in later years is due to structural changes in the Danish electricity market, which means that the fuel consumption in gas engines has been decreas-ing.
)LJXUH CH4 emission time-series for stationary combustion plants
Detailed trend discussion on CRF category level is available in Annex 3A.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Fuel consumption [PJ]
Gas engines, Natural gas Gas engines, Biogas
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
CH4 emission [Gg]
Gas engines Other stationary combustion plants
)LJXUH Fuel consumption and CH4 emission from gas engines, time-series.
12
The N2O emission from stationary combustion plants accounts for 4% of the total Danish N2O emission. Table 3.8 lists the N2O emission inven-tory for stationary combustion plants in the year 2006. Figure 3.13 re-veals that (OHFWULFLW\ DQG KHDW SURGXFWLRQ accounts for 47% of the N2O emission from stationary combustion. This is lower than the fuel con-sumption share.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
CH4 [Gg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining
1A1c Other energy industries 1A2 Industry
1A4a Commercial / Institutional 1A4b Residential
1A4c Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries Total
Total
7DEOH N2O emission from stationary combustion plants 2006 1)
N2O 2006
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 445 Mg
1A1b Petroleum refining 34 Mg
1A1c Other energy industries 63 Mg
1A2 Industry 143 Mg
1A4a Commercial / Institutional 29 Mg
1A4b Residential 202 Mg
1A4c Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries 23 Mg
Total 940 Mg
1) Only emission from stationary combustion plants in the sectors is included
1A1b Petroleum refining
4%
1A1c Other energy industries 7%
1A2 Industry 15%
1A4b Residential 22%
1A4a Commercial / Institutional 3%
1A4c Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries 2%
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 47%
)LJXUH N2O emission sources, stationary combustion plants, 2006
Figure 3.14 shows the time-series for the N2O emission. The N2O emis-sion from stationary combustion increased by 10% from 1990 to 2006, but, again, fluctuations in emission level due to electricity import/export are considerable.
)LJXUH N2O emission time-series for stationary combustion plants
Detailed trend discussion on CRF category level is available in Annex 3A.
6212;1092&DQG&2
The emissions of SO2, NOX, NMVOC and CO from Danish stationary combustion plants 2006 are presented in Table 3.9. Further details are shown in Annex 3A. SO2 from stationary combustion plants accounts for 90% of the total Danish SO2 emission. NOX, CO and NMVOC account for 39%, 50% and 21%, respectively, of the total Danish emissions for these substances.
7DEOH SO2, NOX, NMVOC and CO emission from stationary combustion plants 2006
1) Only emissions from stationary combustion plants in the sectors are included 0HWKRGRORJLFDOLVVXHV
The Danish emission inventory is based on the CORINAIR (COoRdina-tion of INforma(COoRdina-tion on AIR emissions) system, which is a European pro-gramme for air emission inventories. CORINAIR includes methodology structure and software for inventories. The methodology is described in the EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook 3rd edition, pre-pared by the UNECE/EMEP Task Force on Emissions Inventories and Projections (EMEP/CORINAIR, 2004) subsequent newer editions have not changed the methodology used. Emission data are stored in an Ac-cess database, from which data are transferred to the reporting formats.
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
N2O [Gg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining
1A1c Other energy industries 1A2 Industry
1A4a Commercial / Institutional 1A4b Residential
1A4c Agriculture / Forestry / Fisheries Total
Total
Pollutant NOX
Gg CO
Gg
NMVOC Gg
SO2
Gg
1A1 Fuel consumption, Energy industries 51.9 10.3 3.3 10.2
1A2 Fuel consumption, Manufacturing industries and Construction (Stationary combustion) 12.5 12.0 0.6 7.9 1A4 Fuel consumption, Other sectors (Stationary combustion) 8.3 275.1 19.3 4.4 Total emission from stationary combustion plants 72.7 297.3 23.2 23.2
Total Danish emission 185.3 590.6 110.0 25.1
%
Emission share for stationary combustion 39 50 21 90
The emissions inventory for stationary combustion is based on activity rates from the Danish energy statistics. General emission factors for vari-ous fuels, plants and sectors have been determined. Some large plants, such as power plants, are registered individually as large point sources and plant-specific emission data is used.
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Large emission sources such as power plants, industrial plants and refin-eries are included as large point sources in the Danish emission database.
Each point source may consist of more than one part, e.g. a power plant with several units. By registering the plants as point sources in the data-base, it is possible to use plant-specific emission factors.
In the inventory for the year 2006, 75 stationary combustion plants are specified as large point sources. These point sources include:
• Power plants and decentralised CHP plants (combined heat and power plants)
• Municipal waste incineration plants
• Large industrial combustion plants
• Petroleum refining plants
The criteria for selection of point sources consist of the following:
• All centralised power plants, including smaller units.
• All units with a capacity above 25 MWe
• All district heating plants with an installed effect of 50 MW or above and a significant fuel consumption
• All waste incineration plants included in the Danish law with regard to the preparation of “green accounts” ”%HNHQGWJ¡UHOVH RP YLVVH OLVWH YLUNVRPKHGHUVSOLJWWLODWXGDUEHMGHJU¡QWUHJQVNDE”.
• Industrial plants
• with an installed effect of 50 MW or above and significant fuel consumption.
• with a significant process-related emission.
The fuel consumption of stationary combustion plants registered as large point sources is 383 PJ (2006). This corresponds to 62% of the overall fuel consumption for stationary combustion.
Further details regarding the large point sources are provided in Annex 3A. The number of large point sources registered in the databases in-creased from 1990 to 2006.
The emissions from a point source are based either on plant-specific emission data or, if plant specific data are not available, on fuel con-sumption data and the general Danish emission factors.
SO2 and NOX emissions from large point sources are often plant-specific, based on emission measurements. Emissions of CO and NMVOC are also plant-specific for some plants. CO2 emissions from some plants are available through the EU emission trading scheme (ETS). Plant-specific emission data are obtained from:
• Annual environmental reports
• Annual plant-specific reporting of SO2 and NOX from power plants
>25MWe prepared for the Danish Energy Authority due to Danish legislatory requirements
• Emission data reported by Elsam and E2, the two major electricity suppliers
• Emission data reported from industrial plants.
• Emission data reported by plants under the EU ETS
Annual environmental reports for the plants include a considerable number of emission datasets. Emission data from annual environmental reports are, in general, based on emission measurements, but some emis-sions have potentially been calculated from general emission factors.
If plant-specific emission factors are not available, general area source emission factors are used.
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Fuels not combusted in large point sources are included as sector-specific area sources in the emission database. Plants such as residential boilers, small district heating plants, small CHP plants and some industrial boil-ers are defined as area sources. Emissions from area sources are based on fuel consumption data and emission factors. Further information on emission factors is provided below.
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The fuel consumption rates are based on the official Danish energy statis-tics prepared by the Danish Energy Authority (DEA). The DEA aggre-gates fuel consumption rates to SNAP sector categories (DEA 2007a). The link between the official energy statistics and the SNAP nomenclature as well as a description of the national energy statistics is included in An-nex 3A. Some fuel types in the official Danish energy statistics are added to obtain a less detailed fuel aggregation level, see Annex 3A. The calo-rific values on which the energy statistics are based are also included in the annex.
The fuel consumption of the IPCC sector $ 0DQXIDFWXULQJ LQGXVWULHV DQGFRQVWUXFWLRQ (corresponding to SNAP sector &RPEXVWLRQLQPDQXIDF WXULQJLQGXVWULHV is not disaggregated into specific industries in the NERI emission database. Disaggregation into specific industries is estimated for the reporting to the Climate Convention. The disaggregation of fuel consumption and emissions from the industrial sector are discussed in a later chapter.
Both traded and non-traded fuels are included in the Danish energy sta-tistics. Thus, for example, estimation of the annual consumption of non-traded wood is included.
Petroleum coke purchased abroad and combusted in Danish residential plants (border trade of 628 TJ) is added to the apparent consumption of petroleum coke and the emissions are included in the inventory.
The DEA compiles a database for the fuel consumption of each district heating and power-producing plant based on data reported by plant op-erators. The fuel consumption of large point sources specified in the Danish emission database refers to the DEA database (DEA 2007c).