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The subsector 0LQHUDOSURGXFWV (2A) cover the following processes:
• Production of cement
• Production of lime (quicklime)
• Production of bricks, tiles and expanded clay products
7DEOH Emission of greenhouse gases from industrial processes in different subsectors from 1990-2005.
&2 (kt CO2)
A. Mineral Products 1 072 1 246 1 366 1 383 1 406 1 407 1 517 1 685 1 682 1 610 B. Chemical Industry 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.45 0.87 0.56 0.58 C. Metal Production 28.4 28.4 28.4 31.0 33.5 38.6 35.2 35.0 42.2 43.0 Total 1 101 1 275 1 395 1 415 1 441 1 446 1 554 1 721 1 725 1 654
&+
- - - - - - - - -
-12 (kt N2O)
B. Chemical Industry 3.36 3.08 2.72 2.56 2.60 2.92 2.69 2.74 2.60 3.07 +)&V (kt CO2 eq.)
F. Consumption of
Halo-carbons and SF6 - - 3.44 93.9 135 218 329 324 412 504
3)&V (kt CO2 eq.) F. Consumption of
Halo-carbons and SF6 - - - - 0.053 0.50 1.66 4.12 9.10 12.5
6) (kt CO2 eq.) F. Consumption of
Halo-carbons and SF6 44.5 63.5 89.2 101 122 107 61.0 73.1 59.4 65.4
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&2 (kt CO2)
A. Mineral Products 1 640 1 660 1 696 1 571 1 728 1 641 1 609 B. Chemical Industry 0.65 0.83 0.55 1.05 3.01 3.01 2.18 C. Metal Production 40.7 46.7 NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO 15.6 NA,NO Total 1 682 1 708 1 697 1 572 1 731 1 659 1 611
&+
- - - - - -
-12 (kt N2O)
B. Chemical Industry 3.24 2.86 2.50 2.89 1.71 0.00 0.00 +)&V (kt CO2 eq.)
F. Consumption of
Halo-carbons and SF6 606 650 676 700 754 606 835 3)&V (kt CO2 eq.)
F. Consumption of
Halo-carbons and SF6 17.9 22.1 22.2 19.3 15.9 13.9 15.7 6) (kt CO2 eq.)
F. Consumption of
Halo-carbons and SF6 59.2 30.4 25.0 31.4 33.1 21.8 36.0
• Limestone and dolomite use
• Roof covering with asphalt materials
• Road paving with asphalt
• Production of container glass/glass wool
Production of cement is identified as a key source; see $QQH[ .H\
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The time-series for the emission of CO2 from 0LQHUDO SURGXFWV (2A) are presented in Table 4.2. The emissions are extracted from the CRF tables and the values are rounded.
The increase in CO2 emission is most significant for the production of cement. From 1990 to 2006, the CO2 emission increased from 882 to 1395 kt CO2, i.e. by 58%. The maximum emission occurred in 2004 and consti-tuted 1539 kt CO2; see Figure 4.2.
7DEOH Time-series for emission of CO2 (kt) from Mineral products (2A).
1. Production of Cement 882 1 088 1 192 1 206 1 192 1 204 1 282 1 441 1 452 1 365 2. Production of Lime 116 82.7 95.0 93.2 96.1 87.7 82.0 87.4 74.4 78.9 3. Limestone and
dolo-mite use 18.1 23.2 25.2 32.6 53.1 55.2 89.3 89.6 91.2 99.2 5. Asphalt roofing 0.019 0.014 0.012 0.018 0.021 0.020 0.024 0.019 0.026 0.026 6. Road paving 1.76 1.76 1.79 1.81 1.75 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.70 1.75 7. Other
Glass and Glass wool 17.4 15.6 14.5 14.1 14.9 14.1 13.9 14.0 15.0 18.1 Yellow Bricks 23.0 23.0 24.0 22.0 30.8 28.7 29.8 33.1 33.4 32.0 Expanded Clay 14.9 12.1 12.7 13.0 17.3 15.3 16.6 18.3 14.6 14.8 Total 1 073 1 246 1 366 1 383 1 406 1 407 1 516 1 685 1 683 1 610
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1. Production of Cement 1 406 1 432 1 452 1 370 1 539 1 456 1 395 2. Production of Lime 76.7 80.7 103 75.1 67.9 63.5 69.2 3. Limestone and
dolo-mite use 93.6 92.2 85.4 74.5 64.2 60.7 73.8 5. Asphalt roofing 0.032 0.025 0.017 0.018 0.020 0.024 0.024 6. Road paving 1.72 1.66 1.66 1.67 1.85 1.84 1.84 7. Other
Glass and Glass wool 15.9 16.0 16.3 13.5 13.3 12.6 13.5 Yellow Bricks 32.8 27.8 27.0 27.0 28.9 32.2 36.8 Expanded Clay 14.2 10.5 10.8 9.53 12.7 14.0 18.5 Total 1 641 1 660 1 696 1 571 1 728 1 641 1 609
The increase can be explained by the increase in the annual production.
The emission factor has only changed slightly as the distribution be-tween types of cement especially grey/white cement has been almost constant from 1990-1997.
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The CO2 emission from the production of cement has been estimated from the annual production of cement expressed as TCE (total cement equivalents4) and an emission factor estimated by the company (Aalborg Portland, 2006, 2007b). The emission factor has been estimated from the loss of ignition determined for the different kinds of clinkers produced, combined with the volumes of grey and white cements produced. De-termination of loss of ignition takes into account all the potential raw materials leading to release of CO2 and omits the Ca-sources leading to generation of CaO in cement clinker without CO2 release. The applied methodology is in accordance with EU guidelines in calculation of CO2
emissions (Aalborg Portland, 2006). However, from the year 2006 the CO2 emission compiled by Aalborg Portland for EU-ETS is used in the inventory (Aalborg Portland, 2007a). Activity data, applied and implied emission factors for cement production are presented in Table 4.3.
4 TCE (total cement equivalent) expresses the total amount of cement pro-duced for sale and the theoretical amount of cement from the amount of clinkers produced for sale.
0,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 4,00
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
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)LJXUH Emission of CO2 from cement production.
1. 1990-1998: Emission is based on information provided by Aalborg Portland.
2. 1999-2005: EF from Environmental report (Aalborg Portland, 2007b).
3. 2006: Emission based on report to EU-ETS (Aalborg Portland, 2007a)
The CO2 emission from the production of burnt lime (quicklime) as well as hydrated lime (slaked lime) has been estimated from the annual pro-duction figures, registered by Statistics Denmark - see Table 4.4, and emission factors.
The emission factors applied are 0.785 kg CO2/kg CaO as recommended by IPCC (IPCC, 1997, vol. 3, p. 2.8) and 0.541 kg CO2/kg hydrated lime (calculated from company information on composition of hydrated lime (Faxe Kalk, 2003)).
The CO2 emission from the production of bricks and tiles has been esti-mated from information on annual production registered by Statistics Denmark, corrected for amount of yellow bricks and tiles. This amount is unknown and, therefore, is assumed to be 50%; see Table 4.5.
The content of CaCO3 and a number of other factors determine the col-our of bricks and tiles and, in the present estimate, the average content of CaCO3 in clay has been assumed to be 18%. The emission factor (0.44 kg CO2/kg CaCO3) is based on stoichiometric determination.
The CO2 emission from the production of container glass/glass wool has been estimated from production statistics published in environmental
7DEOH Activity data, applied and implied emission factors for cement production.
1 2
Ton TCE 1619976 1998674 2214104 2244329 2242409 2273775 2418988 2718923 2754405 2559575
EF ton CO2/ton TCE 0.538
IEF ton CO2/ton TCE 0.545 0.544 0.539 0.537 0.532 0.529 0.530 0.530 0.527
Ton CO2 882402 1087816 1192336 1206093 1192196 1203777 1282064 1441029 1452480 1365098
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Ton TCE 2612721 2660972 2698459 2546295 2861471 2706371 2842282 EF ton CO2/ton TCE 0.538 0.538 0.538 0.538 0.538 0.538
IEF ton CO2/ton TCE 0.491
Ton CO2 1405644 1431603 1451771 1369907 1539471 1456028 1395466
7DEOH Statistics for production of lime and slaked lime (tonnes) (Statistics Denmark, 2007).
Lime 127 978 86 222 104 526 106 587 112 480 100 789 95 028 102 587 88 922 95 177 Slaked lime 27 686 27 561 23 821 17 559 14 233 15 804 13 600 12 542 8 445 7 654
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Lime 92 002 96 486 122 641 87 549 77 844 71 239 78 652 Slaked lime 8 159 9 012 12 006 11 721 12 532 13 839 13 731
7DEOH Statistics for production of yellow bricks and expanded clay products (tonnes) (Statistics Denmark, 2007).
Yellow bricks 291 348 291 497 303 629 278 534 389 803 362 711 377 652 419 431 423 254 405 241 Expanded clay products 331 760 268 871 282 920 288 310 383 768 340 881 368 080 406 716 324 413 329 393
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Yellow bricks 414 791 351 955 342 179 341 981 365 388 407 940 465 504 Expanded clay products 316 174 232 289 239 664 211 794 281 828 310 901 411 869
reports from the producers (Rexam Holmegaard, 2007; Saint-Gobain Is-over, 2007) and emission factors based on release of CO2 from specific raw materials (stoichiometric determination).
The CO2 emission from consumption of limestone for fluegas cleaning has been estimated from statistics on generation of gypsum (wet flue gas cleaning processes) and the stoichiometric relations between gypsum and release of CO2:
SO2 (g) + ½O2 (g) + CaCO3 (s) + 2H2O → CaSO4,2H2O (s) + CO2 (g) and the emission factor is: 0.2325 ton CO2/tonne gypsum.
Statistics on the generation of gypsum from power plants are compiled by Energinet.dk (2007). However, for 2006 information on consumption of CaCO3 at the relevant power plants has been compiled (from envi-ronmental reports) and used in the calculation of CO2-emission from fluegas cleaning.
Information on the generation of gypsum at waste incineration plants does not explicitly appear in the Danish waste statistics (Miljøstyrelsen, 2008). However, the total amount of waste products generated can be found in the statistics. The amount of gypsum is calculated by using in-formation on flue gas cleaning systems at Danish waste incineration plants (Illerup et al., 1999; Nielsen & Illerup, 2002) and waste generation from the different flue gas cleaning systems (Hjelmar & Hansen, 2002).
The CO2 emission from the production of expanded clay products has been estimated from production statistics compiled by Statistics Den-mark and an emission factor of 0.045 tonne CO2/tonne product.
The CO2 emission from the refining of sugar is estimated from produc-tion statistics for sugar and a number of assumpproduc-tions: consumpproduc-tion of 0.02 tonne CaCO3/tonne sugar and precipitation of 90% CaO resulting in an emission factor at 0.0088 tonne CO2/tonne sugar. However, from the year 2006 the CO2 emission compiled by the company for EU-ETS is used in the inventory (Danisco, 2007).
The indirect emission of CO2 from asphalt roofing and road paving has been estimated from production statistics compiled by Statistics Den-mark and default emission factors presented by IPCC (1997) and EMEP/CORINAIR (2004). The default emission factors, together with the calculated emission factor for CO2, are presented in Table 4.6.
7DEOH Default emission factors for application of asphalt products.
Road paving with asphalt
Use of cutback asphalt
Asphalt roofing
CH4 g/tonnes 5 0 0
CO g/tonnes 75 0 10
NMVOC g/tonnes 15 64 935 80
Carbon content fraction of
NMVOC % 0.667 0.667 0.8
Indirect CO2 kg/tonnes 0.168 159 0.250
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The time-series are presented in Table 4.2. The methodology applied for the years 1990-2006 is considered to be consistent as the emission factor has been determined by the same approach for all years. The emission factor has only changed slightly as the distribution between types of ce-ment, especially grey/white cece-ment, has been almost constant from 1990-1997. Furthermore, the activity data originates from the same com-pany for all years.
For the production of lime and bricks, as well as container glass and glass wool, the same methodology has also been applied for all years.
The emission factors are based either on stoichiometric relations or on a standard assumption of CaCO3-content of clay used for bricks. The source for the activity data is, for all years, Statistics Denmark.
The source-specific uncertainties for mineral products are presented in Section 4.7. The overall uncertainty estimate is presented in Section 1.7.
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The estimation of CO2 release from the production of bricks based on an assumption of 50% yellow bricks has been verified by comparing the es-timate with actual information on emission of CO2 from calcination of lime compiled by the Danish Energy Authority (DEA) (Danish Energy Authority, 2004). The information from the companies (tile-/brickworks;
based on measurements of CaCO3 content of raw material) has been compiled by DEA in order to allocate a CO2 quota to Danish companies with the purpose of future reductions. The result of the comparison is presented in Figure 4.3.
Figure 4.3 shows a reasonable correlation between the estimated and measured CO2 emission.
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For 2006 information prepared for EU-ETS has been implemented for cement production and sugar production. For the relevant power plants specific information on CaCO3 consumption has been included in the
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
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2 Estimate
Measured
)LJXUH Estimated and “measured” CO2 emission from tile-/brickworks; “measured”
means information provided to the Danish Energy Authority by the individual companies (Danish Energy Authority, 2004).
calculation of CO2-emission. The category 040614 has in the CRF-tables been split up in calcination of limestone, production of yellow bricks and expanded clay products. In the data treatment calcination of limestone has been split up in production of lime and hydrated lime with specific emission factors instead of a weighted emission factor. These changes may have caused a slight difference compared to the previous years.
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Production statistics for glass and glass wool as well as information on consumption of raw materials will be completed for 1990-1995.
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The subsector &KHPLFDOLQGXVWU\ (2B) covers the following processes:
• Production of nitric acid/fertiliser
• Production of catalysts/fertilisers
Production of nitric acid is identified as a key source.
The time-series for emission of CO2 and N2O from &KHPLFDOLQGXVWU\ (2B) are presented in Table 4.7.
7DEOH Time-series for emission of greenhouse gasses from Chemical industry (2B).
%
2. Nitric acid production (kt N2O) 3.36 3.08 2.72 2.56 2.60 2.92 2.69 2.74 2.60 3.07 2. Nitric acid production (kt CO2 eq.) 1 043 955 844 795 807 904 834 848 807 950 5. Other (kt CO2) 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.45 0.87 0.56 0.58 Total (kt CO2 eq.) 1 044 956 844 796 807 905 836 849 807 951
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2. Nitric acid production (kt N2O) 3.24 2.86 2.50 2.89 1.71 0 0 2. Nitric acid production (kt CO2 eq.) 1 004 885 774 895 531 0 0 5. Other (kt CO2) 0.65 0.83 0.55 1.05 3.01 3.01 2.18 Total (kt CO2 eq.) 1 004 886 775 896 534 3.01 2.18
The emissions are extracted from the CRF tables and the values are rounded.
The emission of N2O from nitric acid production is the most considerable source of GHG from the chemical industry. The trend for N2O from 1990 to 2003 shows a decrease from 3.36 to 2.89 kt, i.e. -14%, and a 40% de-crease from 2003 to 2004. However, the activity and the corresponding emission show considerable fluctuations in the period considered and the decrease from 2003 to 2004 can be explained by the closing of the plant in the middle of 2004.
From 1990 to 2006, the emission of CO2 from the production of cata-lysts/fertilisers has increased from 0.80 to 2.18 kt with maximum in 2004-5, due to an increase in the activity as well as changes in raw mate-rial consumption.
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The N2O emission from the production of nitric acid/fertiliser is based on measurement for 2002. For the previous years, the N2O emission has been estimated from annual production statistics from the company and an emission factor of 7.5 kg N2O/tonne nitric acid, based on the 2002 emission measured (Kemira Growhow, 2004). The production of nitric acid ceased in the middle of 2004.
The CO2 emission from the production of catalysts/fertilisers is based on information in an environmental report from the company (Haldor Top-søe, 2007), combined with personal contacts. In the environmental re-port, the company has estimated the amount of CO2 from the process and the amount from energy conversion. Based on information from the company, the emission of CO2 has been calculated from the composition of raw materials used in the production (for the years 1990 and 1996-2004) and for 2006 assumed to be the same as in 2004 based on the same activity (produced amount). For the years 1991-1995, the production, as well as the CO2 emission, has been assumed to remain the same as in 1990.
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The time-series are presented in Table 4.7. The applied methodology re-garding N2O is considered to be consistent. The activity data is based on information from the specific company. The emission factor applied has been constant from 1990 to 2001 and is based on measurements in 2002.
The production equipment has not been changed during the period.
The estimated CO2 emissions are considered to be consistent as they are based on stoichiometric relations combined with company assumptions for the years 1991-1995.
The source-specific uncertainties for the chemical industry are presented in Section 4.7. The overall uncertainty estimate is presented in Section 1.7.
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No source-specific recalculations have been performed regarding emis-sions from the chemical industry.
6RXUFHVSHFLILFSODQQHGLPSURYHPHQWV No improvements are planned for this sector.
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The subsector 0HWDOSURGXFWLRQ (2C) covers the following process:
• Steelwork
The time-series for emission of CO2 from 0HWDO SURGXFWLRQ (2C) is pre-sented in Table 4.8. The emissions are extracted from the CRF tables and the values presented are rounded.
7DEOH Time-series for emission of CO2 (kt) from Metal production (2C).
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1. Iron and steel production 28.4 28.4 28.4 31.0 33.5 38.6 35.2 35.0 42.2 43.0
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1. Iron and steel production 40.7 46.7 NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO 15.6 NA,NO
From 1990 to 2001, the CO2 emission from the electro-steelwork has in-creased from 28 to 47 kt, i.e. by 68%. The increase in CO2 emission is similar to the increase in the activity as the consumption of metallurgical coke per amount of steel sheets and bars produced has almost been con-stant during the period. The electro-steelwork reopened and closed down again in 2005.
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The CO2 emission from the consumption of metallurgical coke at steel-works has been estimated from the annual production of steel sheets and steel bars combined with the consumption of metallurgical coke per pro-duced amount (Stålvalseværket, 2002). The carbon source is assumed to be coke and all the carbon is assumed to be converted to CO2 as the car-bon content in the products is assumed to be the same as in the iron scrap. The emission factor (3.6 tonnes CO2/tonne metallurgical coke) is based on values in the IPCC-guidelines (IPCC (1997), vol. 3, p. 2.26).
Emissions of CO2 for 1990-1991 and for 1993 have been determined with extrapolation and interpolation, respectively.
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The time-series (see Table 4.8) is considered to be consistent as the same methodology has been applied for the whole period. The activity, i.e.
amount of steel sheets and bars produced as well as consumption of metallurgical coke, has been published in environmental reports. The emission factor (consumption of metallurgical coke per tonnes of prod-uct) has been almost constant from 1994 to 2001. For the remaining years, the same emission factor has been applied. In 2002, production stopped.
For 2005 the production has been assumed to be one third the produc-tion in 2001 as the steelwork was operating between 4 and 6 months in 2005.
The source-specific uncertainties for the metal production are presented in Section 4.7. The overall uncertainty estimate is presented in Section 1.7.
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No source-specific recalculations have been performed regarding emis-sions from the metal production.
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The emission of CO2 from iron foundries is not included at the moment.
However, this source will be investigated and included.