Definition of holistic codes
Institutional pressures = pressures exerted by other organizations or physical space, divided into coercive, mimetic, and normative
Stakeholders = those with an interest in urban freight transport, who interact with the organization on a regular basis, also called actors
Issues/challenges = problems related to urban freight transport that are not defined as pressures from the organizational environment, e.g. negative externalities of urban freight transport
Approaches = the ways in which the organization handles various pressures
Objectives = the objectives of the organization in relation to urban freight transport
Proposed solutions = solutions that are not part of the organization’s own approaches to manage institutional pressures
Other = An open code if the interviewee talked a lot about a topic not already covered
Appendix 4a
Thematic analysis of interview 1 Identification of preliminary topics
Coding Topics discussed Preliminary themes identified Institutional
pressures
Lack of space Lack of space to go up
Parking Difficult to park without getting fined
Access to shops Poor access to shops makes it difficult to pick up or deliver goods
Pavements Pavements make shop access difficult
Competition for roads Sharing space with cyclists and pedestrians puts constrains on logistics service
providers
Congestion Congestion hinders efficient delivery of goods
Complaints Complaints from citizens can change
things quickly and shut down projects Best practice EU encourages best practice between
countries through putting money into various projects and pushing developments in technology and R&D
Regulations EU has indirect influence on urban freight transport in Copenhagen through
regulations on vehicles, engines, and fueling
Sustainability Sustainability planning directly connected to urban freight transport through
environmental zones
182 Certifications Initiatives launched by the trade
association may lead to ISO14001 for the businesses that want to go all the way (implicitly stating this is important) Construction projects restricts
freight flows
There are many construction projects in Copenhagen and these create constraints for urban freight transport flows
Demand for environmental or climate policy initiatives and plans
Mostly still public authorities that ask for environmental or climate policy initiatives and plans for improvement, not heavily seen from the private sector
Lack of involvement from receivers
Receivers do not want to get involved in the transportation issues and expect logistics companies to manage this Traffic safety is challenged
because of many actors sharing space
Traffic safety is an issue for urban freight transport due to cyclists and pedestrians sharing space with trucks
Complexity of urban freight/city logistics
City logistics more than delivering goods in the city and is very complex due to different types of transport, types of services and the requirements that follow Noise leads to other challenges Initiatives to reduce noise issues such as
time windows and restrictions on delivery times are connected to problems such as congestion and parking
Recommended fuel is expensive and hard to come by
Fueling alternatives to gas are
recommended but requires new engines and trucks and ends up being very costly Network discussions Ongoing dialogue with other stakeholders
to find good solutions and avoid stupid ones
Knowledge-sharing across countries
Discussions with trade associations in the Nordics to share best practice and
collectively ask the EU for support Internet trade Internet trade is one of the drivers of
transport and receives increased interest Stakeholders
Transport companies Trade organizations work with hauliers and transport companies
Authorities Working with authorities, including local authorities on various issues
Citizens Citizens are important stakeholders as they elect the mayor
Interest associations Trade associations interact with other associations
Civil servants Civil servants focus on the politicians but contribute to finding good solutions and avoiding resistance
183
EU EU influences indirectly by pushing
technologies and research and development, as well as money Issues/challenges
Noise is a problem Noise is high up on the agenda of
important issues in urban freight transport Transport not always considered
in broader CSR discussions
The wages and fair competition is rarely considered in CSR initiatives, and it is hard to get on the agenda
Theft and robbery There is a rise in theft from vans and trucks at the moment which causes other
problems such as more time spent in the city because of new safety measures Copenhagen is different The number of bikes and cyclists
differentiates Copenhagen compared to the States and other towns and cities in Europe Attention from politicians Initiatives to improve urban freight
transport or city logistics are given varying attention from politicians
Approaches
Participation in network Participation in network with other stakeholders to discuss problems and possible solutions for Copenhagen
Dialogue Dialogue may lead to finding smaller and
bigger solutions and avoiding stupid solutions and quick fixes
Lobbying Sending letters to the government
regarding EU communications, including an action plan to proactively influence the space of urban freight
Advisory services on environment Launching practical guides to lower CO2 and integrating environmental and climate policy into the transport business
Advisory services on traffic safety Focus on campaigning and education of transport employees to improve traffic safety
Advisory services on eco-driving Eco-driving is part of the education offered to transport employees to drive cost-efficiently
Members might go to Sweden for fuel
To avoid the costs of fueling in
Copenhagen some members may fuel in Sweden as part of their transport routes New umbrella organization for
e-business
Increased focus on vans and internet trade as this is currently a grey or even black market
Cross-border collaboration Work with colleagues in the Nordics to find solutions and best practice to climate
184 change, and what kind of support is
required from the EU
Issuing of certificates Issuing certificates that confirm
compliance to various policies may be a way to get new customers
Networking with stakeholders Attending various fora on goods transport allows knowledge-sharing and selling the industry
Objectives
Competitiveness Various initiatives by the trade association are launched to make their members competitive both now and in the future, and to be ready for future demand from the public side and the private side as well as regulations from the city of Copenhagen and EU
Quick in and quick out The city of Copenhagen wants the vans and the trucks quick in and quick out of the city Receivers only think about price Charging more because of environmental
compliance is difficult because customers only think about price
Proposed solutions
Loading zones Loading zones is a practical solution to the problem of finding parking space in the city
Smart traffic infrastructure Smart infrastructure and technology may increase traffic safety while improving the conditions for efficient urban freight Green light waves The city of Copenhagen has updated their
traffic lights to enable green light waves for trucks driving at a certain pace to improve the traffic flow for transporters Shop guards To reduce theft from vans and trucks shop
guards could have a look at the vans too
Defining themes
Themes Examples Comments Type of pressure
Institutional pressures Urban areas impose several physical and spatial constraints on logistics service providers
Space to go up,
restricted parking, poor shop access,
pavements,
construction projects, competition for space with other actors
Coercive
185 Higher complexity in
Copenhagen due to number of bikes and cyclists in the urban space
The number of bikes and cyclists
differentiates Copenhagen from other towns and cities
Related to space Coercive
Best practice is facilitated and encouraged by many actors
Both from the EU and from the trade
association itself
Mimetic
Regulations are in place to counter the negative externalities on urban freight transport
EU regulations on vehicles, engines, and fueling, as well as local regulations on access, parking, and noise
Coercive
Citizens have power to shut down projects
Complaints from citizens can change otherwise agreed upon plans, and they are prioritized by politicians
Coercive
Demand for environmental or sustainable initiatives largely comes from public actors
Private actors are slow at engaging, which makes it costly for transport companies
Coercive
Urban Copenhagen is characterized by having many actors with different objectives and varying levels of attention from authorities
Collaborative networks are started based on the interest of politicians
Creates uncertainty Mimetic
Networks allow for dialogue and sharing of knowledge
Freight network in Copenhagen and Nordic collaboration
Such networks may exert pressures on other actors but also exert pressures on the participants through diffusing new ideas etc.
Normative
Increased e-business activity drives transport
Requires better
regulations of vans and the operational
conditions of e-business freight
Coercive (expectation from society to adapt) Mimetic (uncertainty)
Stakeholders Transport companies
Authorities Includes both the
EU, local authorities, and politicians (civil servants)
186 Citizens
Interest associations Issues/challenges Theft and robbery Approaches
Dialogue and lobbying through participation in networks and
collaboration initiatives enables the trade
association to find better solutions to the issues of urban freight transport
The approach falls into the strategy of
‘compromise’, where the expectations of multiple constituents are balanced against each other,
institutional elements are placated or accommodated, and processes are
negotiated with other stakeholders
Coercive
Offering advice and certificates to its members on
environmental policies, traffic safety, and eco-driving enables the trade association to positively improve the conditions and competitiveness of logistics service companies
The approach also falls into the strategy of ‘compromise’, of balancing,
accommodating, and negotiating
Mimetic
Appendix 4b
Thematic analysis interview 2 Identifying preliminary themes
Coding Topics discussed Preliminary themes identified Institutional pressures
Regulations Copenhagen is not very regulated
compared to a lot of other cities: time window, pedestrian area
Space Very narrow streets in certain areas of
Copenhagen make deliveries difficult CSR focus Increased focus on CSR, particularly for
the biggest companies who have to be serious about their CSR strategy
187 CSR to earn money “I think many of them work really serious
with that. But why do they do that?
Because they can earn money! In the end of the day, it’s all about money. Looking good, have a good reputation, and on the same side earning money”
Sharing ideas Universities serve as a discussion partner, and they bring home new ideas from conferences
Regulations Can have more regulations but there is not really a problem: “But if there had been a real problem, I’m sure that he mayor would have his focus there”
Legislations Municipality needs to fulfil certain legislations from higher political levels Best practice Best practice on CSR will be gathered in
the freight network to inspire other companies
Stakeholders
Organizations and associations The stakeholders involved in the freight network
Companies The main stakeholder in the freight
network and the reason why the other stakeholders are there
Universities The stakeholders involved in the freight network; function as a stamp of approval when included in projects; discussion partners for the municipality
Private business The municipality has little or no control over the transportation companies because it is private business
Citizens Bicyclists, i.e. citizens are considered more important
EU The EU is paying for the 3-year freight
network project and the best practice guide
Authority National authority needs to be involved
when something needs to be done so that regulations and legislations are fulfilled
Authority Work with other municipalities in the
region Issues/challenges
Attention given to freight Only one person in Copenhagen municipality works with freight Different interests There are a lot of challenges in urban
freight because the stakeholders have different interests
Lack of innovation The transportation companies are doing the same thing they did 10-20 years ago, and
188 they need to change and step up to stay in business
Earning money One of the main challenges for urban freight transport in Copenhagen is that the companies don’t earn enough money E-commerce The e-commerce transportation has to be
rethought because of increases in traffic flows, 20% increase of the number of vans crossing the municipality border in the last five years
Blurred responsibility Difficult to know who to contact to reduce freight flows from e-commerce: internet businesses of freight companies
Freight is not sexy Not a lot is done to improve freight in Copenhagen because the problems are small and it is not a popular topic on the political agenda
Congestion Congestion not really a major issue in Copenhagen, which is why nothing serious is done about it – “Because when you really have a problem you’re dealing with it. Really dealing serious dealing with it”
Not one solution There is not one solution to urban freight and you have to be patient when interfering with private business
Lack of trust “You don’t have so many tries. You don’t.
You have to put something up and then nail it. And if you don’t have the right solution, don’t put it up, that’s like, there’s one shot”
Public transport vs. freight Public transport is a priority because it leads to more congestion when not working, and the municipality pays a part of it
Approaches
Working with stakeholders Having a platform to discuss issues must be interesting for the various stakeholders Money and practicalities Discussing what is important to the
transport companies and what they can gain, instead of discussing the
municipality’s objectives
Focus on them Focusing on improving the transportation business removes the aspect of resistance Cooperation In order to find solutions to urban freight
issues it has to be a cooperation or a partnership, which takes time Best practice Create a best practice guide for CSR
initiatives in the freight network that have been good financially
189 Cross-functional work Working with other authorities to improve
freight conditions in terms of congestion and noise, as well as improve delivery times
Knowledge-sharing Collaborations and knowledge-sharing to reduce the uncertainty of setting up the freight network
Objectives
Influence over daily life The transport companies want control over their daily life and the municipality can give them that
Sustainability and improved environment
The objective of the municipality in engaging with transport companies is to improve the sustainability and environment of Copenhagen, but it is not discussed explicitly
Solutions
Consolidation centers Consolidation centers for e-commerce in the outskirts of the city could reduce some of the traffic flows crossing the
municipality border
Own freight The municipality is looking at its own freight flows and how they can improve them
Defining themes
Themes Examples Comments Type of pressure
Institutional pressures Narrow streets restrict efficient deliveries in Copenhagen
Areas like Vesterbro Coercive
Copenhagen is not very regulated compared to other cities, but could become more regulated if there were more problems
London is regulated because they have real problems
Coercive
There is an increased focus on CSR and companies are serious about their CSR strategy to earn money
Big companies do it to look good, to have a good reputation, and earn money
Coercive and mimetic
University
representatives bring home new ideas from conferences and are
CBS and DTL are part of the freight network
Normative
190 good discussion
partners, and they function as an informal stamp of approval on the work of the municipality
For some things to be implemented, higher levels need to be involved as the municipality needs to fulfil certain
legislations
Coercive
The freight network uses collaboration to find solutions to urban freight problems and will issue a best practice guide Stakeholders Associations
Companies Main stakeholder and
the reason why the other stakeholders are there
Universities
Citizens Prioritized above
freight companies Authority Including EU, national
authority and other municipalities both in DK and in other countries Approaches
Cooperation and working with stakeholders on a platform where issues that are interesting to them are discussed is a better way to find solutions than imposing demands and
restrictions
Compromise
Encouraging best practice and knowledge sharing to change certain practices, e.g.
Pressures from EU on e.g. air pollution levels may lead to local authorities encouraging
Mimetic
191 CSR, environmental
standards
best practice among ULSP as a way to enforce this on a local level. This approach to deal with own pressures makes it exert pressures on other organizations
Appendix 4c
Thematic analysis interview 3 Identifying preliminary themes:
Coding Topics discussed Preliminary themes identified Institutional pressures
Regulations on work environment Work environment considered more important today than 15 years ago, which changes urban freight in terms of car height Ground surface Different surface materials create physical
constraints for delivery of goods, which leads to transport companies spending more time in the city than necessary Curbstones High curbstones make it difficult to access
with lifting trucks and pallets
Parking constraints Difficult to find parking for loading and unloading due to changes to the city infrastructure
Biking infrastructure Improving infrastructure for bicycles makes it harder for transport companies to come in and leave the city in an efficient manner
Shop structures Many shops and buildings do not have doors and other facilities that are adapted to receiving goods, e.g. doors that are too small
Gray business Some businesses choose not to follow the rules on minimum salary and such things, which leads to high pressure for efficiency for those that do follow them
Regulations on rest time Making a mistake in terms of the ‘drive and rest’-regulation may lead to a driver losing his license and reduces his chance of getting another job
Environmental requirements Requirements for cars to be
environmentally friendly make transport
192 companies change or upgrade their
vehicles
Ground surface Poor surfaces make deliveries with electric cars difficult because of weight regulations Service offerings Transport companies need to abide to
customer demands unless they want to see the business go to a competitor
Parking Lack of parking close to the transportation
hub and responsibility not clearly delegated Lack of space There is not enough physical space in the
streets for large, broad bike lanes and loading zones at the same time.
Solutions create new issues Some solutions such as evening or nightly deliveries create new challenges with lack of space or physical constraints because people are home from work
Complaints from citizens If citizens are disturbed by goods deliveries they will complain and potentially make it more difficult for the freight company to deliver goods there, e.g. “silent shop” or
“silent area”
Stakeholders
Authorities Authorities have their own agenda in urban freight transport discussions
Citizens If there is too much noise from distribution citizens will complain and create
constraints for distribution in that area Trade associations Main actor for discussing challenges and
political issues with the authorities Customers To a large extent it is the customers who
decide the strategies and services offered by the transport company, since they will use a competitor if something cannot be done
Issues/challenges
Urban planning Urban planning does not take into account handicap friendly solutions for surface materials
Political priorities Bicycles are prioritized over transport to a large extent because cyclists can vote Loading zones For the loading zones to fulfil the needs of
distribution companies, the amount needed is unrealistic
Evening distribution Evening distribution is considered a solution but leads to other problems because there is less space to park when citizens are home from work