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Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the collection of Statens naturhistoriske Museum, previously the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen
(ZMUC) : annotated and revised : Part 1 (of 2)
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Steenstrupia Hylleberg. J. Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the collection of Statens naturhistoriske Museum, previously the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen (ZMUC). Annotated and revised. – Steenstrupia 31 (1): 1–101. Copenhagen, Denmark. August 2009. ISSN 0375-2909.
The Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen has a comprehensive collection of cardiids established over a period of more than 250 years. The oldest specimens from the first Royal Art Mu- seum can not be dated, but from 1763 (Forskål’s collection) and onwards dates are present, or a least a time interval can be deducted from the collector’s period of life or time of publication, e.g. Spengler, Schumacher, Moltke, Yoldi, and King Christian 8th. Dr. H. Beck served the King from 1829-1848 so his period of service can also be used to estimate dates. The most precise information is available from the period 1844-1878 when Mörch took care of the molluscs. He produced a series of detailed catalogues where he noted the collector, date and locality, and he marked the labels and specimens with numbers.
His efforts were remarkable and a great help to present day students of the collection. Before 1863, the zoological collections in Denmark were located in a number of buildings. The situation changed when the royal collections and the university collections amalgamated by law in 1862. Construction of the museum began in 1864 and moving of the specimens took place in 1867. Official inauguration was in 1870. As a result, all specimens were now deposited in the Zoological Museum constructed in Krystalgade. During the following years, a large number of cardiids were added in the wake of fishery investigations and expeditions such as the Atlantide and the second Galathea Expeditions 1950-52, The collecting efforts by R.H. Parker and the worldwide expeditions by Dr. Th. Mortensen from 1900-1930 also resulted in a remarkable number of accessions. The Krystalgade museum functioned in 100 years until it was replaced by the present Zoological Museum in Universitetsparken. This happened in 1960 when a new museum law passed the Parliament. The research section of the museum opened 1963 and the exhibition was officially inaugurated in 1970. Labels produced during the long history of the cardiid collection carry many abbreviations of collectors, localities, references, and various notes. With few exceptions, the labels are handwritten and the language is Danish. Gothic style predominates on old labels. I have translated all texts into English and annexed explanations to an illustrated diction- ary. The dictionary shows the meaning of the often-cryptic abbreviations. The dictionary also reviews the location and activity period of zoological collections in Copenhagen as well as records from old catalogues by Beck and Mörch.
I have checked all identifications and added new information. Jacques Vidal from the Natural History Museum in Paris checked about 600 lots. I include about 3680 lots in the present catalogue. Species and genera are listed alphabetically within the family Cardiidae (39 genera). At the end of the catalogue I list all fossil cardiids present in the collection: “Cardium”, Bucardium, Cardium, Cerastoderma, Orthocardium, Papillicardium, Aviculariidae (one genus) and Conocardiidae (one genus).
Keywords: Cardiidae, history of the cardiid collection, Spengler, Beck, Mörch, King Christian 8th, review of collectors and museums, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen.
Jørgen Hylleberg, fil. dr., prof. emer., research associate. Zoological Museum, University of Copenha- gen. Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark. E-mail: jhylleberg@snm.ku.dk
Steenstrupia 31 (1): 1–101.
Cardiidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the collection of Statens naturhistoriske Museum, previously the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen (ZMUC). Annotated and revised.
Part 1 (of 2).
JØRGEN HYLLEBERG
TABLE Of CONTENTS
Introduction ...
Cardiids of the world ocean present at the ZMUC ...
Chronological overview of the museum collections in Copenhagen ...
Acknowledgements & Dedication ...
Higher classification, subfamilies ...
Checklist of extant species of Cardiidae ...
Dictionary ...
The collection of cardiids at ZMUC ...
Fossils cardiids ...
References ...
Index to species in the catalogue ...
CARDIID GENERA
Acanthocardia ...
Acrosterigma ...
Afrocardium ...
Americardia ...
Bucardium ...
Cardium ...
Cerastobyssum ...
Cerastoderma ...
Ciliatocardium ...
Clinocardium ...
Corculum ...
Ctenocardia ...
Dallocardia ...
Dinocardium ...
Europicardium ...
Fragum ...
Frigidocardium ...
Fulvia ...
Goethemia ...
Hemicardium ...
Keenaea ...
Laevicardium ...
Laevifulvia ...
Lophocardium ...
Lunulicardia ...
Lyrocardium ...
Microcardium ...
Microfragum ...
Nemocardium ...
Papillicardium ...
Papyridea ...
Parvicardium ...
Phlogocardium ...
Plagiocardium ...
Pratulum ...
Protocardia ...
Serripes ...
Trachycardium ...
Trigoniocardia ...
Vasticardium ...
Vepricardium ...
fOSSIL CARDIIDS
Classified as “Cardium” ...
Acanthocardia ...
Bucardium ...
Cardium ...
Cerastoderma ...
Habecardium ...
Orthocardium ...
Papillicardium ...
Avicularium ...
Conocardium ...
INTRODUCTION
My study of the collection of cardiids at the Zoological Museum started in 1996. From the beginning I knew that the collection was exten- sive with thousands of cardiids stored in boxes and tubes, but I had not realised how difficult it would be to find a particular specimen among the large amount of specimens. The ZM specimens are roughly sorted into genera but a main problem
arising from this way of organising a collection is that generic and subgeneric combinations have changed much over time and no single curator can manage to shift specimens around in accordance with the changes (Hylleberg, 1994).
In addition, the curators have faced problems as- sociated with highly variable characters such as size, shape, thickness of shells, and ornamenta- 2
4 106 1115 10319 317320 322
104126 132134 138139 142147 171182 183187 190196 198200 205206 217
218218 219235 235236 238239 242242 244246 249278 279280 281281 291299 301311
317317 317318 318318 318319 319319
tion. A given specimen may not fit into a given generic definition so the shells have been left without further identification.
The present curator of molluscs (Dr. Ole Ten- dal) is a specialist of another phylum but he was requested by the museum to curate the molluscs also because the ZM lacks scientific staff. for many decades, various Danish governments have cut the funding thereby creating the situation of today. In consequence, neither the ZM nor the universities in Denmark have been able to perma- nently hire scientists specialised in molluscs. The result is that the people engaged in systematics and taxonomy of molluscs consist of amateurs, students, or retired people working as volunteers such as me (since 2005). Therefore, Dr. Ole Tendal was happy when I offered to improve the situation by checking the specimens and putting the findings into a catalogue.
In 1999 I received help from the late cardiid researcher Jacques Vidal, who worked at the Natural History Museum in Paris. He came to Denmark for one week and we worked together in my home with about 600 lots from the ZM.
Later I continued alone and checked identifica- tion of species in the collection and I classified previously unidentified species as shown in the present catalogue.
The work was intensified in connection with my publication Lexical Approach to Cardiacea vols. 1–3 (2004). However, I have not been able to assign all specimens to species. Some species display extreme variation in shape, number of ribs, and colours. Such specimens are conferred to the genus or species they resemble most. A closer examination will probably reveal that some of these specimens only express geographi- cal variation or modifications caused by environ- mental factors, while other specimens may turn out to be undescribed species.
Structure of the catalogue
Each entry starts with the country or body of water where the specimens were collected. I have used information on the labels when possible, but often the labels only specify the country, a bay, or an island. In such cases, I have added the body of water. – Separated by dashes (–) I quote informa- tion on labels, generally translated into English,
but geographical names and abbreviations usu- ally appear with the original spelling maintained.
Abbreviations and some common Danish words are explained in the dictionary.
1st dash: Deposition of the specimens. The cardiids of ZMUC are located in three different sections of the store room:
[SPECIAL DRY] is the special collection deposited in separate cabinets containing recog- nised type material, historical material from the forskål expedition to the Red Sea and Yemen, and material identified by Spengler (the Spengler collection), and specimens previously deposited in the “Kunstkammer” = the Royal Museum.
Some specimens (possibly type material) are also stored in the special collection.
[DRY] is the general dry collection which includes specimens from all other sources. Of special interest are shells from the museum of the Danish King Christian 8th. Such shells are marked CVIII on the inside.
[WET] is the general wet collection contains all specimens preserved in alcohol, except the North Atlantic cardiids which are on other shelves.
2nd dash: Next follows detailed locality infor- mation according to the labels, sediment charac- teristics, and depth of sampling.
3rd dash: The time of sampling. If the year is missing I have added “before” signifying the minimum age according to the year the collec- tor died.
4th dash: The collector, name of expedition/
vessel, and station number. If unknown, I list the original collection from where the specimen came.
5th dash: Identification at ZM as it appears from a given label succeeded by other persons, who have identified, or expressed their opinions on the material.
6th dash: in the Remarks, I show information on number of specimens and their condition as well as additional information, which appear on labels or specimens in the collection. I specify the author if I can identify the handwriting. I also give other information, such as reference to ZM museum catalogues.
7th dash: When I worked with the present material I numbered specimens to facilitate work with the material. I have written these numbers at
the end of each entry (JH #), but the numbers are not part of the official museum record. The mu- seum does not apply catalogue numbers, except for some type specimens.
Authorship mentioned on labels
Please note that the following authors are un- available for the purpose of nomenclature: Ar- genville, Bonanno, Chemnitz, Gronovius, Gualt- ieri, Lister, Martini & Chemnitz, Klein, Martyn, Meuschen, Rumph, Seba, Spengler in Schröter, and Schröter. The authors are not binominal but quoted on old cardiid labels. They are included here for historical reasons.
Gender of names formed from Greek or Latin It is not always simple to know the correct ending of specific names because knowledge of Greek and Latin lack in the education of present day students of natural sciences, including myself.
Labels at the ZMUC show that the gender and ending may have changed 3 times over time in the same species, e.g. Aphrodite groenlandica, Cardium groenlandicum, and Serripes groen- landicus. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) has a number of guide- lines specified in Article 30 to assist biologist in coining the right gender. The sex of gender is necessary in order to give the correct ending to the species name, e.g. Cardium australe because Cardium is neuter. When Cardium australe is moved to the genus Fulvia, the specific name must be changed to australis because Fulvia is feminine.
ICZN 30.1.1 The gender is given by the final component, in the case of a noun, the gender of that noun. Greek words ending in -a are most likely feminine (Nybakken, 1959) but they are neuter if the ending is -ma e.g., Acrosterigma and Cerastoderma. Stigma is neuter < Greek = pillar, support. Derma is neuter < reek derma = skin. (Brown 1959). A Latin word ending in -a is feminine, -um is neuter, and -us is masculine.
E.g., Corculum is neuter. < Latin = small heart and Fragum is neuter. < Latin = Strawberry.
ICZN, 30.1.2 Greek words transliterated into Latin without other changes take the gender given for that word in standard Greek dictionar- ies, e.g. Serripes. The gender is given by the final
component. -pes is masculine < Latinized Greek;
pedis = foot. (Brown 1959). Cardia is feminine. <
Latinized Greek kardia = heart (Brown 1959).
ICZN 30.1.3 Greek word Latinized with change of ending, takes the gender normally ap- propriate to the changed ending, e.g. Cardium;
-um is neuter. < Latinized Greek kardia = heart.
Cerastobyssum; -um is neuter. < Greek byssos (feminine). < Latin byssus = thread.
ICZN 30.1.4.4 A Latin word with changed ending takes the gender appropriate to the new ending, e.g. Papyridea -a is feminine. < Greek papyros = paper. < Latin idus = having the nature of. Pratulum: -um is neuter < Latin pratulum = diminutive of lawn.
ICZN 30.2.4. Gender of names formed from words that are neither Latin nor Greek. Goe- themia: Latinized name honouring Dr. van Goethem (male) but the author treated the gender as feminine. Keenaea: Latinized name in honour of Dr Keen (female). The gender is feminine.
CARDIIDS Of THE WORLD OCEAN PRESENT AT THE ZMUC
The World Ocean is the interconnected system of earth’s oceanic waters. There is pronounced interchange among its parts, and each Ocean encompasses many interconnected seas and bays.
For the purpose of the present catalogue I distin- guish between three principal oceanic areas: the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean. Excluded here are the independent Arctic Ocean around the North Pole (listed under the Atlantic Ocean) and the Southern Ocean around the South Pole (no cardiids are recorded from this area).
The Equator subdivides the oceans into north- ern and southern parts. The landmasses of the surrounding continents subdivide the oceans into western and eastern parts.
Basically, the ZMUC cardiids are listed ac- cording to countries bordering the oceans, but it is not possible to go fully through with this concept because the old labels usually lack suf- ficient information. Samples from Mexico and Panama, for example, may originate from coast- lines facing the western Atlantic or the eastern
Pacific. Records from such countries are marked
”pooled”. Similarly, some countries are located both north and south of Equator, e.g. Indonesia.
A simple classification is further complicated by the fact that Indonesia encompasses islands in both the Pacific and the Indian Oceans. Records from such countries are also marked ”pooled”.
Geographical areas (seas, countries, islands) are listed in alphabetical order for each of the three oceans. Records per area are enclosed in brackets. The counts represent information on labels rather than strict national affiliations.
Fossil specimens of the collection and records without locality (sine loc.) are put together in the last paragraph.
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Adriatic Sea (4) Central Mediterranean, without specification. – Algeria (7) North Africa, West- ern Mediterranean. – Angola (8) SE Atlantic, West Africa. – Antilles (168) NW Atlantic & the Caribbean Sea. Pooled. – Atlantic Ocean (19) without specification. – Azores (3) NE Atlantic islands. – Balearic Islands (1) NE Atlantic, Western Mediterranean. – Barbados (1) NW Atlantic island, West Indies. – Bermuda (3) NW Atlantic island. – Brazil (14) SW Atlantic, South America. – Cameroon (2) NE Atlantic, West Africa. – Canada NW Atlantic & NE Pacific. See under the Pacific Ocean. – Canary Islands (7) NE Atlantic – Cape Verde (10) NE Atlantic islands. – Central America (1) NW Atlantic & NE Pacific, Pooled. – Colombia (7) NW Atlantic (Caribbean) & NE Pacific, South America. Pooled. – Congo (5) SE Atlantic, West Africa. – Corsica (11) NE Atlantic, Western Mediterranean, island. – Croatia (1) Adriatic Sea, Europe. – Cuba (3) NW Atlantic, Carib- bean Sea. – Denmark (899) NE Atlantic, North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat, many fjords and belts, Øresund, & the Baltic, Europe. Pooled. – Egypt (9) North Africa, Eastern Mediterranean &
Red Sea. Pooled. – Faroe Islands (128) North Atlantic. – Finland (11) The Baltic Sea. Åland Islands, Europe. – France (19) NE Atlantic and Mediterranean, Europe. Pooled. – French Eq.
Africa (3) NE Atlantic, West Africa. – Guinea (17) NE Atlantic, West Africa. – Gambia (17) NE Atlantic, West Africa. – Germany (17)
NE Atlantic, North Sea & Baltic Sea, Europe.
Pooled. – Ghana (5) NE Atlantic, West Africa.
– Gold Coast (15) NE Atlantic, West Africa. – Gran Canaria (1) NE Atlantic islands. – Greece (7) NE Atlantic, Mediterranean. – Greenland (180) North Atlantic island. – Guinea (38) NE Atlantic, West Africa. – Haiti (2) NW Atlantic, Caribbean Sea. – Iceland (303) North Atlantic island. – Ireland (2) North Atlantic – Israel (10) NE Atlantic, Eastern Mediterranean & Red Sea.
Pooled. – Italy (55) NE Atlantic, Mediterranean
& Adriatic. – Ivory Coast (1) NE Atlantic, West Africa. – Jamaica (1) SW Atlantic, Caribbean Sea. – Jan Mayen (7) North Atlantic island. – Latvia (1) NE Atlantic, the Baltic Sea. – Leba- non (1) NE Atlantic, E Mediterranean. – Liberia (10) NE Atlantic, West Africa. – Madeira (5) NE Atlantic islands. – Mediterranean (33) NE Atlantic, without specification. – Mexico (183) NW Atlantic & NE Pacific, Central America.
Pooled. – Morocco (5) NE Atlantic, North Af- rica & Mediterranean. Pooled. – Nicaragua (4) NW Atlantic & NE Pacific, Central America.
Pooled. – Nigeria (5) NE Atlantic, West Africa.
– Norway (43) NE Atlantic. – Panama (45) NW Atlantic & NE Pacific, Central America. Pooled.
– Poland (1) NE Atlantic, the Baltic Sea. – Por- tugal (9) NE Atlantic. – Puerto Rico (1) NW Atlantic, Central American island. – Rhodes (2) NE Atlantic, Mediterranean island. – Romania (6) NE Atlantic, Black Sea. – Russia (10) NE Atlantic-NW Pacific, Baltic Sea, Barents Sea, Kara Sea, the Okhotsk Sea, Caspian Sea. Pooled.
– Salvador (1) SW Atlantic, Brazil, Bahia, South America. – Sardinia (11) NE Atlantic, Mediter- ranean island. – Senegal (3) NE Atlantic, West Africa. – Sierra Leone (4) NE Atlantic, West Africa. – South Africa (5) SE Atlantic, SW Indian Ocean. Pooled. – Spain (3) NE Atlantic, Mediterranean. Europe. Pooled. – Spitsbergen (5) North Atlantic island. – St. Helena (11) SE Atlantic island. – Sweden (28) NE Atlantic, Kat- tegat, Baltic. Pooled. – Tunisia (15) NE Atlantic, Mediterranean, North Africa. Pooled. – Turkey (1) NE Atlantic, Black Sea. – UK/England (10) NE Atlantic, the Channel, North Sea. Pooled.
– Ukraine (5) NE Atlantic, Black Sea. – USA (66) NW Atlantic, Mexican Gulf & NE Pacific.
Pooled. – Venezuela (11) NW Atlantic, South America. – Vera Cruz (2) NW Atlantic, coast
state in East Mexico, Central America. – West Africa (3) NE Atlantic, without specification. – West Indies (1) NW Atlantic, without specifica- tion, see also under Antilles.
PACIfIC OCEAN
Annaa Island (1) NE Pacific. – Australia (43) Indo-Pacific, Torres Strait, Arafura Sea, Coral Sea, Tasmanian Sea. Pooled. – Bismarck Islands (3) SW Pacific. – Canada (17) NE Pacific & NW Atlantic. Pooled. – Caroline Islands (1) NW Pacific. – China (14) NW Pacific, South China Sea. – Colombia see under the Atlantic Ocean. – Coral Sea (5) SW Pacific, not specified. – Easter Island (3) SE Pacific. – Fiji Islands (21) SW Pacific. – Hawaii (5) NE Pacific. – Hong Kong (1) NW Pacific, South China Sea. – Indonesia see under the Indian Ocean. – Japan (16) NW Pacific, Japan Sea. – Lord Hood’s Island (5) NE Pacific. – Mexico See under the Atlantic Ocean.
– Malaysia see under the Indian Ocean. – Mar- shall Islands (1) NW Pacific. – Mellish Reef (1) SW Pacific. – New Brittany (1) SW Pacific. – New Caledonia (2) SW Pacific. – New Zealand (31) SW Pacific, Tasmanian Sea. – Nicaragua see under the Atlantic Ocean. – Pacific Ocean (1) without specifications. – Panama see under the Atlantic Ocean. – Papua (6) previously New Guinea, SW Pacific, Torres Strait, Coral Sea, Solomon Sea. – Philippines (56) NW Pacific, Celebes Sea, Sulu Sea, Java Sea. – Russia see under the Atlantic Ocean. – Samarai Island (9) SW Pacific, China Strait, Coral Sea. – Singapore see under the Indian Ocean. – Solomon Islands (4) SW Pacific, Solomon Sea. – South Africa see under the Atlantic Ocean. – Tahiti (2) SW Pacific island. – Taiwan (1) previously Formosa, NW Pacific, South China Sea, East China Sea. – Thailand see under the Indian Ocean. – Tonga Islands (4) SW Pacific. – USA see under the At- lantic Ocean. – Vietnam (6) NW Pacific, South China Sea.
INDIAN OCEAN
Andaman Islands (13) NE Indian Ocean, Anda- man Sea. – Arafura Sea (18) SE Indian Ocean. – Australia see under the Pacific Ocean. – Bahrain
(5) NW Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf. – Bangla- desh (2) Northern Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal.
– East Indies (12), see also under Indian Ocean without specifications. – French Somaliland (1) NW Indian Ocean, E Africa. – India (28) North- ern Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea.
Pooled. – Indian Ocean (10) without specifica- tions. – Indonesia (105) Indo-Pacific, Strait of Malacca, South China Sea (Malaya Sea), Celebes Sea, Molucca Sea, Banda Sea, Flores Sea, Timor Sea, Macassar Strait, Java Sea. Pooled. – Iran (16) NW Indian Ocean, Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman. Pooled. – Kenya (6) SW Indian Ocean, Mombasa, East Africa. – Kuwait (2) NW Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf. – Madagas- car (1) SW Indian Ocean island. – Malaysia (5) Indo-Pacific, Malacca Strait, Gulf of Thailand, South China Sea. Pooled. – Mauritius (8) SW Indian Ocean island. – Mozambique (10) SW Indian Ocean, E Africa. – Nicobar Islands (13) NE Indian Ocean, Andaman Sea. – Pakistan (4) Northern Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea. – Qatar (6) NW Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf. – Red Sea (10) NW Indian Ocean, no specifications. – Saudi Arabia (7) NW Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf. – Singapore (28) Indo-Pacific, Strait of Malacca, South China Sea. Pooled. – Sri Lanka (8) formerly Ceylon, NE Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal. – Thailand (155) Indo-Pacific, Andaman Sea, Gulf of Thailand. Pooled. – Zan- zibar (4) SW Indian Ocean island. East Africa.
WITHOUT LOCALITY (sine loc.) & fOSSILS Fossils (21) Belgium, England, france, Russia, Italy, sine loc. – sine loc. (356) Localities are not specific or labels are missing. However, labels may have been misplaced and turn up later in other cabinets. Alternatively they are perma- nently gone.
CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW Of THE MUSEUM COLLECTIONS IN COPENHAGEN
The purpose of this overview is to introduce the reader to the chronology of old labels. There may be up to six labels in one box covering centuries
of time. The labels may carry names of the collec- tor or the curator, but no mention of years, which are important since classification has changed much over time. Some cardiids at the ZMUC are very old (more than 250 years), but unfortunately many original labels have been lost because of war, and/or fire, or transfer from one collection to another. For example, there are no original labels attached with the specimens collected by forskål in the Red Sea 1763. In this connection, the catalogues by Beck and Mörch have been use- ful in tracing the origin. Special credit must go to Mörch’s careful marking of individual specimens and labels, among others the specimens, which were unpacked after storage for longer periods because of fire or war damage. Mörch’s markings are very reliable.
Furthermore, markings inside the shells may give reference to the original depository or col- lector. Such information is helpful in estimat- ing the year when the specimen was acquired.
Usually the information is abbreviated and may appear cryptic to persons unfamiliar with the complicated history of the collections. I have therefore compiled a dictionary elaborating on those terms.
In this chronology I have identified persons who have contributed to the cardiid collection at ZMUC in various ways (they are marked with an asterisk*). However, more persons than those I have listed may be identified in the future so the chronology also encompasses potential contributors (persons who submitted specimens, identified, labeled, etc.).
1623–1654
Museum Wormianum
1654 Professor Ole Worm passed away. The col- lection (fig.1) was transferred to The Royal Art Museum (Kunstkammeret).
1650–1821
Kunstkammeret = Museum Regium
1650–1680 The Royal Art Museum was housed in the first Christiansborg castle.
1680–1821 The Royal Art Museum had address in the library building of the university.
1775–1801 *Lorenz Spengler. Curator.
1807 Lorenz Spengler passed away.
1821 The Museum closed. The zoological col- lections were transferred to KM.
1657–1728
The First Cabinet of Natural History
1657–1728 “Universitetets 1. Naturalkammer”.
1770–1789 *Brünnich, M.T. Prof. Manager.
1728 The First Cabinet burned down.
1740–1770
The Second Cabinet of Natural History
1740–1770 “Universitetets 2. Naturalkammer”.
1770 Collections had fallen into decay and were lost.
1759–1772
The Naturalia and Housekeeping Cabinet 1759–1772 “Natural- og Husholdnings-Cabi -
nettet” in Charlottenborg, Kgs. Nytorv.
1759–1772 Ascanius, P. Professor
1772 The collections were transferred to the New Natural History Theater.
1770–1810
The New Natural History Theater
1770–1810 “Universitetets Nye Natural Theater”
in building of Kommunitetet, Nørregade 10.
1770–1789 *Brünnich, M. T. Prof. Manager.
1772 The museum received all specimens from the Naturalia and Housekeeping Cabinet.
1795–1810 *Wad, Gregers Prof. Manager.
1807–1810 Collections stored at Nørregade 10, following a major fire in 1807.
1810 *Moltke, J.G. bought the collection.
1789–1805
Natural History Association Museum
1789 *Abildgaard, Peter Christian established
“Naturhistorie-Selskabet” in Prinsens Palæ.
1789–1805 *Vahl, Martin. Prof. Manager.
1805 Collections were transferred to KM.
1810-1864
The academic museum (Mus. acad.)
1810 *Moltke donated a new Zoological Mu- seum to the University (“Det grevelige Molt-(“Det grevelige Molt- ke’ske Universitetet tilhørende Zoologisk Mu seum” or the Academic Museum). It was located at Nørregade 10 (1810–1832), at St.
Kannikestræde 34 (1832–1838), and again at Nørregade 10 (1838–1864)
1810–1813 Rathke, Jens. Professor, manager.
1813–1845 *Reinhardt, Joh. H. Prof. Manager.
1831–1846 *Beck, Henrik. Dr. Assistant.
1845–1864 *Steenstrup, Japetus. Prof. zool.
1848 *King Christian VIII died and part of his large collection at the Amalienborg Castle was transferred to the University Museum.
1851–1864 *Lütken, Chr. Dr. Assistant.
1852–1864 *Steenstrup, Japetus. Prof. Manag.
1852–1864 *Mörch, O. A. L. Assistant.
1796–1804
The Royal Commission active
1796–1814 Frederik Christian of Augustenborg.
Establishment & management of the royal museum (KM).
1796–1827 *Reventlow, C. D.
1796–1829 Schimmelmann, E.
1796–1801 *Abildgaard, Peter Christian.
1801–1808 Rafn, C. G.
1802–1838 Hauch, A. W.
1804–1821
The Royal Natural History Museum
“Det kongelige Museum (KM)” was located in two places: The Spengler coll. in Rosenborg Castle (1804–1821) and other specimens at Østergade (1805–1821).
1804 Spengler’s shell collection was acquired.
1804–1821 *Wad, Gregers. Prof. Inspector.
1805–1805 Holten, H. S. Inspector.
1806–1821 *Reinhardt, Joh. H. Inspector.
1808–1851 Lehmann, M. C. G. manag. of KM.
1814–1838 Hauch, A. W. Chief of KM manag.
1821 The two KM collections in Rosenborg and Østergade were transferred to the new Royal Natural History Museum in Stormgade.
fig. 1. Copper showing Ole Worm's Museum in 1655. Modified after fig. 1 in Wolff 1999.
1821–1864
The new Royal Natural History Museum 1821–1829 *Wad, Gregers. Inspector.
1821–1839 Wøldike, P. Museum conservator.
1821–1845 *Reinhardt, Joh. H. Inspector.
1829–1832 *Wad, Gregers. Management.
1829–1847 *Vargas de Bedemar, E. Manage- ment.
1829–1848 Thonning, P. Management of KM.
1829–1848 *Beck, H. (zoology). Inspector.
1829–1852 *Pingel, C. (mineralogy). Assist.
1838–1843 Møsting, J. Sv. Management.
1839–1846 Place, J. Museum conservator.
1842–1848 *Krøyer, Henrik. Inspector (4th in- spectorate, which included Mollusca).
1846–1864 Scheel, C. F. Museum conservator.
1848 King *Christian CVIII died. His private collections transferred to KM.
1848–1864 *Reinhardt, Joh. T. Inspector.
1848–1864 *Forchhammer, J. G. Management.
1848–1864 *Steenstrup, Japetus. Management.
1852–1859 *Olufsen, L. H. Inspector.
1833–1847
The Danish Society of Natural History
During the short history of the Museum “Naturhis- torisk Forenings Museum” it was located at Ny Kongensgade 1, Wedells Palæ. (1833–1835 ) and Kongens Nytorv, Thotts Palæ (1835–1847) 1833–1840 *Eschricht, D. F. Director.
1835–1836 *Krøyer, Henrik. Director.
1836–1839 *Westermann, B. W. Director.
1840–1841 *Krøyer, Henrik. Director.
1841–1842 *Steenstrup, Japetus. Director.
1842–1847 *Krøyer, Henrik. Director.
1847 The Museum closed and collections were sold at a public sale.
1841–1864
Museum for physiology and comparative anat- omy1841 “Det zootomisk-physiologiske Mus.”
1841–1864 *Eschricht, D. f. Prof. & Manager.
1864 Eschricht died. The museum closed.
1862–1962
Zoological Museum of the University.
1862–1870 The museum, in Danish called
“Uni versitetets Zoologiske Museum i Krys- talgade” was established by law, which was
adopted in 1862. Construction began in 1864.
Moving in started in 1867. Official inaugura- tion in 1870.
1864 2nd department established, which included Mollusca.
1864–1869 *Krøyer, Henrik. Dr. Manager.
1864–1878 *Mørch, O. A. L. Dr. Assistant.
1864–1882 *Lütken, Chr. Dr. Inspector.
1864–1885 *Steenstrup, Japetus. Prof. Manag.
1864–1885 *Conradsen, R. Mus. conservator.
1882–1885 *Boas, J. E. V. Dr. inspector.
1885–1914 *Levinsen, G. M. R. Cand. mag.
1889–1891 Gundel, E. V. Museum conservator.
1889–1896 *Posselt, H. J. Cand mag. Assist.
1891–1914 *Fagerstrøm. Museum conservator.
1892–1914 *Jensen, Ad. S. Cand. mag. Assist.
1904–1910 *Lundbech, W. Mag. scient. Assist.
1908–1917 *Mortensen, Th. Dr. Assistant.
1910–1934 *Ditlevsen, Hj. Mag. scient. Assist.
1915–1917 *Jensen, Ad. S. Cand. mag. Manag.
1914–1931 Olesen, Anker. Mus. conservator.
1915–1933 *Kramp, P. L. Dr. Assistant.
1917–1933 *Mortensen, Th. Dr. Manager.
1918–1920 Bovien, P. L. Mag. scient. Assist.
1918–1937 *Spärck, R. Dr. Assistant.
1921–1932 Lieberkind, I. Mag. scient. Assist.
1923–1964 Wesenberg-Lund, Elise. Mag. sci.
1931–1933 Heding, S. G. Mus. conservator.
1933–1938 Fasmer, H. Museum conservator.
1933–1962 *Kramp, P. L. Dr. Manager.
1933 Heding, S. G. Assistant.
1934 *Thorson, G. Dr. became Assistant.
1938 *Bruun, A. F. Dr. became Assistant.
1938 Christensen, P. became Mus. conservator.
1941–1962 *Knudsen, Jørgen. Dr. phil. Cur.
1961–1962 *Petersen, Godtfred Høpner.
1864–1961
Study collection of the University (“Studiesam- lingen”) at Nørregade 10.
1864–1885 *Steenstrup, Japetus. Prof. Manag.
1864–1885 *Conradsen, R. Mus. conservator.
1866–1874 *Winther, Georg. Dr. Assistant.
1874–1899 *Jungersen, H. F. E. Dr. Assistant.
1878–1882 *Trausted, M. Cand. mag. Assist.
1882–1886 *Petersen, C. G. Joh. Cand. mag.
1885–1899 *Lütken, Chr. Manager, professor.
1885–1921 Hamburger, V. C. Museum conserv.
1886–1896 *Posselt, H. J. Cand. mag. Assist.
1892–1910 *Jensen, Ad. S. Cand. mag. Assist.
1899–1904 Lundbeck, W. Cand. mag. Assist.
1899–1917 *Jungersen, H. f. E. Prof. Manager.
1903–1914 *Mortensen, Th. Dr. Assistant.
1914–1937 *Ditlevsen, Hj. Mag. scient. Assist.
1916–1917 Ellinger, Tage. Mag. scient. Assist.
1917–1923 *Steenberg, C. M. Mag. scient. As- sist.
1917–1936 *Jensen, Ad. S. Prof. Manager.
1921 Nielsen, K. became Museum conservator.
1923–1937 Lieberkind, I. Dr. Assistant.
1936–1937 *Steenberg, C. M. Prof. Manager.
1937–1960 *Spärck, R. Prof. Manager.
1937–1960 Volsøe, H. Dr. Assistant.
1963–present
A second museum law passed Parliament in 1960 for the construction of the present Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen, ab- breviated ZMUC (Zoologisk Museum, Køben- havns Universitet). The research section of the museum opened 1963. The exhibition was of- ficially inaugurated in 1970. The new address is Universitetsparken 15 (The University Park).
1960–1966 *Spärck, R. Dr. phil. Prof. Man- ager.
1960–1968 Volsøe, H. Dr. phil. Director.
1963–2000 *Petersen, Godtfred Høpner. Dr.
1963–1974 *Lemche, Henning. Dr. phil. Cur.
1963–1988 *Knudsen, Jørgen. Dr. phil. Cur.
1963 *Wolff, Torben. Dr. phil. Curator.
1969–1988 *Rasmussen, Erik. Dr. phil. Cur.
1964 *Vedelsby, A. Curator ass.ass.
1977 *Schiødte, Tom. Curator ass.
1983 *Nielsen, Claus. Dr. phil.
1968–1996 *Muus, Bent. Dr. phil. Professor.
19611960–1961 The second museum law passed in 1960 included the Study Collection (Stud- iesamlingen) of the University. In 1961 the Study Collection moved to a wing of ZM at Universitetsparken.
1961–1966 *Spärck, Ragnar. Dr. phil. Prof.
1967 Christensen, Bent. Dr. phil. Professor.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to thank the staff at the Zoological Museum for friendship and much help over the years. I am grateful to Dr Danny Eibye-Jacobsen for good working facilities. I am particularly indebted to former curator of molluscs Dr G. Høpner Pe- tersen for discussions and loan of photographs and literature. Former curator of molluscs Dr Jørgen Knudsen helped with literature and good discussions. I am also grateful to the present curator of molluscs Dr Ole Tendal for encour- agement. I received help throughout from the assistant curators Mr Tom Schiøtte and Ms Annie Vedelsby who helped to locate the specimens.
Annie Vedelsby has been a great help regarding interpretation of the old labels and identification of the authors of labels. I have benefitted from discussions with Dr Kathe R. Jensen and Dr Claus Nielsen. Dr Torben Wolff has provided me with reprints of his many papers on the history of the University of Copenhagen and the zoological collections in Copenhagen. Finally my sincere thanks are due to my wife Karen for accepting the many hours spent with old shells instead of her.
I am grateful to the Biological Institute, Dept. of Marine Ecology of the University of Aarhus for general support over the years before my retire- ment from the University in 2005. In Aarhus, I have benefited much from discussions with Dr Tomas Cedhagen.
DEDICATION
I dedicate the present work to my colleagues and good friends Jørgen Knudsen at ZMUC, Copenhagen, and Jacques Vidal at MNHN, Paris.
We will remember their fine contributions to the Tropical Marine Mollusc Programme (TMMP) in Southeast Asia. They worked tirelessly in the field and the laboratory, sharing their great knowledge and experience with everybody.
Sadly, Jacques Vidal passed away in September of 2006.
HIGHER CLASSIfICATION, SUBfAMILIES
Less than a century ago nearly all cardiids were placed in the genus Cardium Linnaeus, 1758.
However, subgenera were often used to indicate relationships of species within the genus but many malacologists found this system less attrac- tive. As a result, the subgenera were upgraded to genera (Hylleberg 1994). The Russian research- ers Kafanov & Popov (1977) and Popov (1977) classified the proliferating number of genera into subfamilies. Their classifications were based on structure and arrangement of lamella forming the shell. The American paleontologist Myra Keen (1980) presented a somewhat alternative clas- sification of subfamilies based on external shell characters. Keen’s system was taken further by Schneider (1992, 1997, 1998) who used cladis- tics to group the genera. It should be noted that all four authors have a background in paleontology, i.e. they used shell characters for their classifica- tion. In contrast the french malacologist Jacques Vidal (2001) analysed the genera based on soft bodies of extant species. He used the classical observations of number of siphonal openings and presence of eyes on tentacles (Pelseneer, 1911) combined with the arrangement of tentacles on the siphons. Based on these characters, he placed the cardiid genera in 3 groups instead of subfami- lies (Table 1).
Luckily the two approaches of shell characters and soft bodies are in agreement in most cases but noteworthy disagreements are found. Schneider (op. cit) placed the genus Fulvia in the subfam- ily Laevicardiinae (with smooth shells) and he placed the genus Vepricardium in the subfam- ily Cardiinae (with distinct ribs). Vidal (op. cit) found that these two genera should be closely related based on siphons with eyes and placed
them in same group (Table 1). Obviously more work has to be carried out with respect to higher classification of cardiids.
Based on the anatomical structure of siphons two major types can be identified within the family Cardiidae. In one type the edges of the two siphons are bridged, creating a mantle with 3 apertures: one for the exhalant siphon, one for the inhalant siphon, and one larger opening for extension of the foot. In the other type the exhal- ant siphon is a tube but the inhalant siphon has overlapping left and right edges kept together in the live animal but detached in the dead animal thereby creating a mantle with 2 apertures: one for the exhalant siphon, and a larger opening for the inhalant siphon and the foot. In the live ani- mal, the siphon edges stick together in a zipper- like fashion i.e. they function as a tube.
The ZMUC collection contains 26 genera of the type with 3 openings, and 12 genera of the type with two openings. Genera with 3 open- ings are: Acanthocardia, Acrosterigma, Afro- cardium, Bucardium, Cardium, Cerastoderma, Ciliatocardium, Clinocardium, Dallocardia, Dinocardium, Europicardium, Frigidocardium, Fulvia, Laevicardium, Laevifulvia, Lophocar- dium, Lyrocardium, Microcardium, Nemocar- dium, Phlogocardium, Plagiocardium, Pratu- lum, Serripes, Trachycardium, Vasticardium, and Vepricardium. Genera with 2 openings are: Americardia, Cerastobyssum, Corculum, Ctenocardia, Fragum, Hemicardium, Lunulicar- dia, Microfragum, Papillicardium, Papyridea, Parvicardium, and Trigoniocardia. However, in the present catalogue I have listed all genera and species within the genera in alphabetical order as shown in the Table of Contents.
Kafanov & Popov Popov Keen Schneider Vidal Subfamily CARDIINAE Lamarck, 1809 GROUP 1
Cardium Cardium Cardium Cardium Cardium
Bucardium Bucardium Bucardium Bucardium Bucardium
Vepricardium (Vepricardium) Vepricardium Vepricardium –
Vasticardium (Vasticardium) – Vasticardium –
Dinocardium Dinocardium – Dinocardium –
Trachycardium Trachycardium – Trachycardium –
Acrosterigma Acrosterigma – Acrosterigma –
Fulvia Fulvia – – –
Europicardium (Europicardium) Europicardium – –
– – Acanthocardia Acanthocardia Acanthocardia
– – Rudicardium Rudicardium –
– – Orthocardium Orthocardium –
– Serripes – – Serripes
Phlogocardia Phlogocardia – – –
Laevicardium Laevicardium – – –
Papyridea Papyridea – – –
Mexicardia Mexicardia – – –
Dallocardia (Dallocardia) – – –
– (Nemocardium) – – –
– Clinocardium – – Clinocardium
– (Habecardium) – – –
– Pratulum – – –
– Discors – – –
– Lophocardium – – –
– – Parvicardium – –
– – Papillicardium – –
– – Maoricardium – –
– – Plagiocardium – –
– – Loxocardium – –
– – – – Cerastoderma
Subfamily TRACHYCARDIINAE Stewart, 1930 GROUP 2
– – Trachycardium – Trachycardium
– – Vasticardium – Vasticardium
– – Acrosterigma – Acrosterigma
– – Phlogocardia – –
Table 1. family Cardiidae. Genera and subgenera (within brackets) placed in subfamilies by Kafanov & Popov (1978), Popov (1977), Keen (1980), and Schneider (1992, 1995, 1997, 1998a,b). Subfamilies of these authors are based on shell morphology and shell structure. In comparison, Vidal (2001) did not apply subfamilies but divided 26 genera into 3 groups based on number of siphons, arrangement of tentacles, and presence of eyes on tentacles.
(Bar = not placed in the subfamily by the author). The subfamilies are CARDIINAE, TRACHYCARDIINAE, PROTOCARDIINAE, LAEVICARDIINAE, fRAGINAE, CLINOCARDIINAE, HEMIDONACINAE, and LYMNOCARDIINAE. I also include genera without subfamiliar assignment by Schneider (1998b).
– – Mexicardia – –
– – Dallocardia – –
– – Papyridea – –
– – – – Vepricardium
– – – – Goethemia
– – – – Plagiocardium
– – – – Afrocardium
Subfamily PROTOCARDIINAE Keen, 1951
Nemocardium Nemocardium Nemocardium – Nemocardium
Protocardia – Protocardia Protocardia –
Pratulum Pratulum Pratulum – –
Lophocardium Lophocardium Lophocardium – –
– Discors Discors – –
Lyrocardium – Lyrocardium – Lyrocardium
Keenaea – Keenaea – –
Microcardium – Microcardium – –
Frigidocardium – Frigidocardium – Frigidocardium
Habecardium – Habecardium – –
Subfamily LAEVICARDIINAE Keen, 1936
– – Laevicardium Laevicardium Laevicardium
– – Fulvia Fulvia Fulvia
– – – Discors –
– – – Nemocardium –
– – – Habecardium –
– – – Lophocardium –
– – – Lyrocardium –
– – – Pratulum –
– – – Keenaea –
– – – Microcardium –
– – – Frigidocardium –
– – Dinocardium – –
– – Cerastoderma – –
– – Clinocardium – –
– – Ciliatocardium – –
– – Keenocardium – –
– – Serripes – –
Subfamily FRAGININAE Stewart, 1930 GROUP 3
Fragum Fragum Fragum Fragum Fragum
Ctenocardia Ctenocardia Ctenocardia (Ctenocardia) Ctenocardia
Kafanov & Popov Popov Keen Schneider Vidal
Table 1, cont.
Trigoniocardia Trigoniocardia Trigoniocardia Trigoniocardia Trigoniocardia
Corculum Corculum Corculum Corculum Corculum
Lunulicardia (Lunulicardia) Lunulicardia Lunulicardia Lunulicardia Parvicardium Parvicardium – Parvicardium Parvicardium
Americardia (Americardia) – (Americardia) –
Acanthocardia Acanthocardia – – –
Plagiocardium Plagiocardium – Plagiocardium –
Maoricardium Maoricardium – – –
Papillicardium – – Papillicardium –
– – – (Cerastobyssum) –
– – Microfragum (Microfragum) –
– – – – Hemicardium
– – – – Papyridea
Rudicardium – – – –
Loxocardium Loxocardium – Loxocardium –
Afrocardium – – – –
Orthocardium Orthocardium – Orthocardium –
Microfragum – – – –
– – Afrocardium – –
Subfamily CLINOCARDIINAE Kafanov 1975
Clinocardium – – Clinocardium –
Keenocardium – – Keenocardium –
Ciliatocardium – – Ciliatocardium –
Serripes – – Serripes –
Yagudinella – – Yagudinella –
Subfamily HEMIDONACINAE Iredale & McMichael, 1962
– – Hemidonax – –
Subfamily LYMNOCARDIINAE Stoliczka, 1871
Cerastoderma Cerastoderma Cerastoderma
Without subfamilial assignment by Schneider (1998b)
Plagiocardium Maoricardium Geothemia
Kafanov & Popov Popov Keen Schneider Vidal
Table 1, cont.
CHECKLIST Of ExTANT SPECIES Of CARDIIDAE
Genera and species in alphabetical order. Aster- isks mark taxa present at the ZMUC. Bold-faced species are types of specified genera.
Acanthocardia Gray, 1851 A. aculeata (Linné, 1758) * A. deshayesi (Payraudeau, 1826) * A. echinata (Linné, 1758) * A. erinacea (Lamarck, 1819) * A. milaschewitchi Kafanov, 1980 * A. mucronata (Poli, 1791)*
A. paucicostata (Sowerby, 1834) * A. tuberculata (Linné, 1758) * Acrosterigma Dall, 1900 A. amirante Vidal 1999
A. attenuatum (Sowerby, 1840) * A. beauforti (Prashad, 1932) * A. biradiatum (Bruguière, 1789) * A. burchardi (Dunker, 1877) *
A. capricorne Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 A. cygnorum (Deshayes, 1855)
A. dalli (Heilprin, 1887). Fossil.
A. dampierense Wilson & Stevenson, 1977 A. dianthinum (Melvill & Standen, 1899) A. discus Vidal, 1999*
A. foveolatum (Sowerby, 1840) A. fucatum (Spengler, 1799) * A. hobbsae Vidal, 1999 A. hornelli (Tomlin, 1928) A. impolitum (Sowerby, 1834) * A. maculosum (Wood, 1815) *
A. marielae (Wilson & Stevenson, 1977) A. mauritianum (Deshayes, 1855) A. nebulosum (Reeve, 1845) A. oxygonum (Sowerby, 1834) * A. pristipleurum (Dall, 1901) A. profundum Vidal, 1999
A. rosemariense Wilson & Stevenson, 1977 A. simplex (Spengler, 1799) *
A. suduirauti Vidal & ter Poorten, 2007 A. suluanum Vidal, 1999*
A. transcendens (Melvill & Standen, 1899) * A. unicolor (Sowerby, 1834) *
A. variegatum (Sowerby, 1840) * A. vlamingi (Wilson & Stevenson, 1977)
Afrocardium Tomlin, 1931 A. carditaeforme (Reeve, 1845) * A. crenelloides Melvill, 1909 A. ebaranum (Yokohama, 1927)
A. exochum (Melvill in M. & Standen, 1906) * A. infantile (Nomura & Zimbo, 1934)
A. levisculatum (Smith, 1903) A. richardi (Audouin, 1827) * A. shepstonense (Tomlin, 1931) A. skeeti (Hedley, 1906) Americardia Stewart, 1930
A. biangulata (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) * A. guanacastensis (Hertlein & Strong, 1947) * A. media (Linné, 1758) *
A. nodulosa (Spengler, 1799) * A. speciosa (Adams & Reeve, 1850) * Bucardium Gray, 1853
B. ringens (Bruguière, 1789) * Cardium Linnaeus, 1758 C. costatum Linné, 1758*
C. hians Brocchi, 1814. * C. indicum Lamarck, 1819*
Cerastobyssum Petersen & Russell, 1973 C. hauniense (Petersen & Russel, 1971) * Cerastoderma Poli, 1791
C. edule (Linné, 1758) * C. eichwaldi (Reeve, 1845) C. glaucum (Bruguière, 1789) * C. isthmicum (Issel, 1869) C. mareoticum (Pallary, 1912) C. pulchrum Hinds, to be revised Ciliatocardium Kafanov, 1974 C. ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780) * Clinocardium Keen, 1936 C. blandum (Gould, 1850) C. buelowi (Rolle, 1896)
C. californiense (Deshayes, 1839)*
C. nuttallii (Conrad, 1837) * C. pseudofossile (Reeve 1844) * Corculum Röding in Bolten, 1798 C. aequale (Deshayes, 1854) C. cardissa (Linné, 1758) *
C. dionaeum (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) * C. inexpectatum Crozier, 1966
C. junoniae (Lamarck, 1819) * C. monstrosum (Gmelin 1791) * C. productum (Deshayes, 1855) Ctenocardia H. & A. Adams, 1857 C. adamsii (Adams & Reeve, 1850) * C. fijianum Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 C. fornicata (Sowerby, 1840) * C. gustavi Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 C. kinai Habe & Murakami, 1970 C. perornata (Iredale, 1929) * C. robillardi (Sowerby, 1894)
C. subfestivum Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 C. symbolica (Iredale, 1929) *
C. victor (Angas, 1872) * Dallocardia Stewart, 1930 D. muricata (Linné, 1758) * D. quadragenaria (Conrad, 1837) * D. senticosa (Sowerby, 1833) * Dinocardium Dall, 1900
D. robustum (Lightfoot in Solander, 1786) * D. vanhyningi (Clench & L.C. Smith, 1944) * Europicardium Popov, 1977
E. caparti (Nicklès, 1955) *
E. multicostatum (Brocchi, 1814). Fossil.
E. serrulatum (Deshayes, 1855) * Fragum Röding in Bolten, 1798 F. arcuatulum (Sowerby, 1873) F. bannoi (Otuka, 1937) F. carinatum (Lynge, 1909) * F. erugatum (Tate, 1889) * F. fragum (Linné, 1758) * F. loochooanum Kira, 1962 F. mundum (Reeve, 1845) * F. nivale (Reeve, 1845) * F. roseolum (Melvill, 1909)
F. scruposum (Deshayes, 1855) * F. simillimum (Smith, 1896) F. unedo (Linnaeus, 1758) * F. whitleyi Iredale, 1929 * Frigidocardium Habe, 1951 F. centumliratum (Melvill, 1906) * F. eos Kuroda, 1929 *
F. exasperatum (Sowerby, 1838) * F. kiranum Sakurai & Habe, 1966 F. torresi (Smith, 1885) * Fulvia Gray, 1853
F. aperta (Bruguière, 1789) * F. australis (Sowerby, 1834) * F. ballieni, Vidal, 1994 F. boholensis Vidal, 1994
F. colorata Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 F. congoensis Cosel, 1995 *
F. dulcis (Deshayes, 1863)
F. fagea Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1992 * F. fragiformis Vidal, 1994
F. fragilis (Forskål in Niebuhr, 1775) * F. hungerfordi (Sowerby, 1901) * F. imperfecta Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 F. laevigata (Linné, 1758) *
F. lineonotata Vidal, 1994 F. mutica (Reeve, 1844) * F. natalensis (Krauss, 1848) * F. prashadi Vidal, 1994 F. scalata Vidal, 1994 * F. striata (Spengler, 1799) *
F. subquadrata Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 F. tenuicostata (Lamarck, 1819) * F. undatopicta (Pilsbry, 1904) * F. varia (Sowerby, 1834)
F. vepris Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 Goethemia Lambiotte, 1979
G. elegantula (Möller, 1842 ex Beck MS) * Hemicardium Swainson, 1840
H. guichardi (Bernardi, 1857) * H. hemicardium (Linnaeus, 1758) * Type: see under Fragum unedo.
Keenaea Habe, 1951
K. samarangae (Makiyama, 1934) *
Laevicardium Swainson, 1840 L. brasilianum (Lamarck, 1819) * L. castanea Vidal, 2005
L. clarionense (Hertlein & Strong, 1947) * L. crassum (Gmelin, 1791) *
L. elatum (Sowerby, 1833) * L. elenense (Sowerby, 1840) * L. fiski Richards, 1954*
L. gibba (Jeffreys, 1863) L. laevigatum Lamarck
L. lobulatum (Deshayes, 1855) * L. mortoni (Conrad, 1831) *
L. multipunctatum (Sowerby in B.&S.,1833) * L. norvegicum (Spengler, 1799) *
L. oblongum (Gmelin, 1791) * L. oviputamen (Reeve, 1844) L. pictum (Ravenel, 1861) L. pristis (Valenciennes, 1827) * L. senegalense (Dautzenberg, 1891) * L. serratum (Linné, 1758) *
L. substriatum (Conrad, 1837) * L. sybariticum (Dall, 1886) * L. tertium fischer-Piette, 1977 L. trinitatis (Tomlin, 1929) Lophocardium Fischer, 1887 L. annettae (Dall, 1889) * L. cumingii (Broderip, 1833) * Lunulicardia Gray, 1853
L. auricula (Niebuhr in Forskål, 1775) * L. retusa (Linné, 1758) *
L. subretusa (Sowerby, 1834) * L. tumoriferum (Lamarck, 1819) Lyrocardium Meek, 1876
L. anaxium Oliver & Chesney, 1997 * L. aurantiacum (Adams & Reeve, 1850) L. kalamantanum (Adams & Reeve, 1850) * L. lyratum (Sowerby, 1834) *
L. pectinatum (Linné, 1758) * Microcardium Thiele, 1934 M. aequiliratum Poutiers, 1981 M. gilchristi (Sowerby, 1904) M. panamense (Dall, 1908) M. pazianum (Dall, 1917) * M. peramabile (Dall, 1881) *
M. pulchellum (Gray in Dieffenbach, 1843) * M. sakuraii (Habe, 1961)
M. tenuilamellosum Poutiers, 1981 M. thaanumi (Pilsbry, 1920) * M. tinctum (Dall, 1881) *
M. transversum (Rehder & Abbott, 1951) * Microfragum Habe, 1951
M. festivum (Deshayes, 1855) * Nemocardium Meek, 1876 N. bechei (Reeve, 1847) *
N. centifilosum (Carpenter, 1864) * N. nomurai (Kuroda & Habe, 1951) N. richardsoni (Whiteaves, 1878) * Trifaricardium Kuroda & Habe, 1951
?valid genus; moved to Nemocardium.
Papillicardium Monterosato in Sacco, 1899 P. omanense (Melvill, 1906)
P. papillosum (Poli, 1791) * P. turtoni (Sowerby, 1894) Papyridea Swainson, 1840
P. aspersa (Sowerby in B. & S., 1833) * P. crockeri (Strong & Hertlein, 1937) P. hiulcum (Reeve, 1845)
P. semisulcata (Gray, 1825) * P. soleniforme (Bruguière, 1789) * Parvicardium Monterosato, 1884 P. commutatum (B. D. D, 1892) P. exiguum (Gmelin, 1791)*
P. hudsoniense (Deshayes, 1855) P. minimum (Philippi, 1836)*
P. nodosum (Montagu, 1803) * P. ovale (Sowerby, 1840) * P. pinnulatum (Conrad, 1831) * P. quadrarium (Reeve 1845) P. scabrum (Philippi, 1844)*
P. simile Milaschewitsch, 1909*
P. stellatum (Reeve, 1845)*
P. sueziense (Issel, 1869) * P. transclathratum Viader, 1951
P. vroomi (Aartsen, Menkhorst, & Gittenberger, 1984)
Phlogocardia Stewart, 1930
P. belcheri (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) * Plagiocardium Cossmann, 1886
P. fraseri (Garrard, 1963)
P. granulosum (Lamarck, 1805). Fossil.
P. latum (Bruguière, 1789) P. mansitii (Otuka, 1937)
P. pseudolatum (Voskuil & Onverw., 1991) * P. pseudolima (Lamarck, 1819) *
P. setosum (Redfield, 1848) * Pratulum Iredale, 1924 P. probatum (Iredale, 1927) P. thetidis (Hedley, 1902) *
Pseudofulvia Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 P. arago Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 P. caledonica Vidal & Kirkendale, 2007 Serripes Gould, 1841
S. groenlandicus (Bruguière, 1789) *
S. notabilis (Sowerby, 1915). Type of Yagudi- nella
S. laperousii (Deshayes, 1839) Trachycardium Mörch, 1853 T. consors (Sowerby, 1833) * T. delicatulum (Smith, 1915)
T. egmontianum (Shuttleworth, 1856) * T. isocardia (Linné, 1758) *
T. leucostomum (Born, 1780) * T. manueli Prado, 1993
T. panamense(Sowerby, 1833) * T. procerum (Sowerby, 1833) * T. subelongatum (Sowerby 1840) * Trigoniocardia Dall, 1900
T. granifera (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) * T. guppyi (Thiele, 1916)
T. obovalis (Sowerby, 1833) * Vasticardium Iredale, 1927 V. alternatum Sowerby, 1840*
V. angulatum (Lamarck, 1819) * V. assimile (Reeve, 1844) * V. cipangense (Vidal, 1993)
V. compunctum Kira, 1959 V. coralense (Vidal, 1993) V. dupuchense (Reeve, 1845) * V. elongatum (Bruguière, 1789) * V. enode (Sowerby, 1840) * V. fidele (Vidal, 1992) * V. flavum (Linné, 1758) * V. gaillardi (fischer-Piette, 1977) V. gratiosum (Deshayes, 1854) *
V. hawaiensis (Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938) V. indioceanum (Vidal, 1993)
V. insulare Vidal, 1997
V. kengaluorum (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1992) V. kerslakae (Healy & Lamprell, 1992) V. lacunosum (Reeve, 1845) *
V. luteomarginatum (Voskuil & Onver., 1991) * V. lomboke Vidal, 2003
V. marerubrum (Voskuil & Onverw., 1991) * V. mendanaense (Sowerby, 1896)
V. mindanense (Reeve, 1844)
V. nigropunctatum (Habe & Kosuge, 1966) V. okinawense (Kuroda, 1960)
V. olivifer (Iredale, 1936) V. orbita (Sowerby, 1833) V. ornatum (Sowerby, 1877) V. papuanum Vidal, 1996 V. pectiniforme (Born, 1780) * V. peregrinum (Jousseaume, 1888) * V. philippinense (Hedley, 1899) * V. pulicarium (Reeve, 1845)
V. punctolineatum (Healy & Lamprell, 1992) V. rhegminum (Oliver & Chesney, 1997) V. rubicundum (Reeve, 1844) *
V. rugosum (Lamarck, 1819) *
V. serricostatum (Melvill & Standen, 1899) V. sewelli (Prashad, 1932)
V. sorenseni (Powell, 1958) V. subassimile Vidal, 2003 * V. subrugosum (Sowerby, 1838) * V. thomassini Vidal, 1998 * V. translatum (Prashad, 1932) * V. tumidum (Deshayes, 1855) V. vertebratum (Jonas, 1844) *
V. wilsoni (Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1991) Vepricardium Iredale, 1929
V. albohamatum Hylleberg & Vidal, 2000 V. asiaticum (Bruguière, 1789) *
V. burnupi(Sowerby, 1897) *
V. coronatum (Spengler, 1799) * V. incarnatum (Reeve, 1844) * V. mirabile (Deshayes, 1854) V. multispinosum (Sowerby, 1838) * V. pulchricostatum (Iredale, 1929)
V. rubrohamatum Voskuil & Onverwagt, 1988 V. rudentis (fischer-Piette, 1977)
V. sinense (Sowerby, 1838) * V. vidali Ter Poorten & Dekker, 2002
Layout of the dictionary follows Webster’s Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Lan- guage 2003 and Collins shorter English Diction- ary 1994. The Danish letters å, æ, and ø, are listed under a and o in this dictionary.
8vi Abbr. of octavi referring to CVIII.
a Meaning price per specimen. “a” is followed by a figure and a symbol of the old Danish and German currency called Mark. Seen on la- bels of the Steenberg collection and in Beck’s catalogue listing shells purchased by Prince Christian from a shell dealer in Hamburg in 1837. (Fig. 2).
A. C. J. Abbr. of the Danish zoologist A.C.Johan- sen on labels.
A. G. T. Abbr. of the Belgian zoologist A. G.
Tirle mont.
A. I. Abbr. not identified.
A. W. H. Abbr. of A.W.Hauch.
Aalborg Skole Public school in Denmark. ZM Book of Dispatch #193 Cardium muricatum,
#193 Cardium medium.
Aarhus Museum The Museum of Natural His- tory is operated as a private foundation in association with Århus University. See under Collin’s collection.
Aarhus Universitet (University of Århus) was founded by Royal Decree in 1928. It was in- augurated by King Christian x in 1933 after the first building was completed.
Aarhuus Latinskole Grammar school in Århus, Denmark. Mörch provided cardiids for edu- cational purposes. They were extracted from Møller’s duplicates or equivalents. Møller was regimental surgeon in Helsingør and his col- lection was donated to ZM after he deceased.
ZM Book of Dispatch: #33 Cardium medium L West Indies, 1. #34 Cardium muricatum L.
West Indies, 1. #35 Cardium rugosum Lam.
Red Sea, 1. #36 Cardium edule Denm. 2. #37 Cardium laevigatum Chem. West Indies, 2.
Abänderung German meaning variety.
Abbott, Tucker (1919–1995) American mala- cologist. Identified cardiids onboard the frig- ate ”Galathea” in 1951.
Abbr. = Shortened form of abbreviation.
Abildg. Abbr. of Abildgaard.
Abildgaard, Peter Christian (1740–1801). dr.
DICTIONARY
History of museum collections, catalogues, ex- peditions, identifiers, collectors, & abbreviations used in connection with catalogues, labels, and specimens:
I have extracted pieces of information on expedi- tions, persons, events and buildings from many sources. In particular the history of buildings in Copenhagen (Bramsen, B & P. Fogtdal (eds).
1987-1991), life histories of Danish and Norwe- gian persons (Bricka, C.F. 1887-1905), activities by the kings CVIII and Cx (Jørgensen, Harald.
1944. — Nørlund, N.E. 1937), orbituaries (Dansk naturhistorisk Forening. Årsskrift 1988-2007. — Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhis- torisk Forening. 1917-1988.), the history of Co- penhagen University and the museums (Spärck, R. 1945. Wolff, T. 1999), expeditions and vessels (Wolff, T. 1967) Wollf’s publications are in Eng- lish. The other sources are in Danish.
fig. 2. The chevron signifies the old currency called Mark.
med. Active in the management of KM from 1796–1801; established the Natural History Association (Naturhistorie-Selskabet) includ- ing a museum in Prinsens Palæ in 1789. He was President and founding father of the first Danish Veterinary and Agriculture College (Veterinærskole) in 1773. He had a versatile intellect and maintained a shell collection, including Cardiidae, which was transferred to ZMUC in 1960. See also under Naturhistorie- Selskabet.
Aboe Mrs. Donated cardiids from South Africa, Algoa Bay, the Cap 1858, through Pharmacist Mr. Benzon. Cardiid number in Mörch’s ac- cession book 1840–1867: #86. Cardium.
Academic Museum The first proper academic museum of the University of Copenhagen was called Universitets nye Natural Theater.
It maintained a collection for education and exhibition. Apparently, the public could visit the museum every Wednesday during the period 1794–1800. This collection was later transferred to Det grevelige Moltk’ske Universitetet tilhørende zoologiske Museum dubbed the Academic Museum. See under M.
acad. & Universitetsmuseum.
Accession books See under Beck 1830–1836;
Beck 1836a; Beck. 1842–43; Mörch 1846–53;
Mörch 1853–61; Mörch 1857–68; Mörch 1866–72; Mörch 1870–89; Posselt et al.
1889–1937. See also under Tilgangsjournal or Tilvæxt–journal.
Adams, Charles Barker (1814–1853) Ameri- can malacologist. Collected and identified West Indian cardiids. Numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #154 Liocardium serratum L. W Indies, Cardium muricatum L. W Indies. #155 Cardium isocardia L. Ja- maica.
Adans. See under Adanson.
Adanson (1727–1806) French malacologist.
Published Histoire naturelle du Senegal. Co-Co- quillages in 1757.
Ads. S. Stands for Adanson’s publication from 1757, with reference to Senegal.
Afgangs-Journal Danish for dispatch book.
Afr. occid. Latin for West Africa. L < occidens:
the west; derived from the setting sun.
Agerbeck Ship captain. Collected cardiids in China.
Agerbek See under Agerbeck.
Ålborg Modern spelling of Aalborg.
alpha First letter in the Greek alphabet.
Als Island in southern Denmark.
Amalienborg Slot Originally the Amalienborg Castle was residence for the royal family dur- ing the winter season. It dates back to about 1750. Part of the King CVIII’s large shell collection at the Amalienborg Castle was transferred to the University Museum after he died in 1848.
amb. Ref. to the Indonesian island Ambon.
amboena Ref. to the Indonesian island Ambon.
Amboinea The Indonesian island Ambon.
Amdrup Born 1866 First lieutenant (premierløjt- nant) onboard the ship ”Antarctic” to eastern Greenland, 1900, according to UZM entries in a diary. Advanced to vice-admiral.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Abbr. of the American Museum of Natural History.
Amphioxus sand Well sorted, coarse sand char- acterised by the lancet fish Amphiouxus.
Amst. See under Amstelid.
amste. See under Amstelid.
Amstel See under Amstelid.
Amsteli See under Amstelid.
Amstelid Refers to Amsterdam in the Neth- erlands. Shells from Indonesia dated 1836 reached Copenhagen via Amsterdam.
an Latin <: close to; assumption; in need of confirmation.
Andra Misspelling of Andréa on label by Mörch.
Andréa Kaptajn = ship captain. Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #24 Cardium muricatum collected 1863. Bahia.
– Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #9 Cardium papyraceum col- lected 1864, Mauritius. – Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1840–1867: #45 Cardium echinatum. #46. Cardium edule col- lected 24. April 1866. North Sea (Nordsøen) 55°40’N 4°30’E. The museum received a shell collection 1866. Cardiid numbers in Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #59.
Cardium crassum Gm. C. norvegicum Spgl.
51°30’N 2°10’E. #68 Cardium edule L.
Nordsøen 1867. – Shells submitted 1870.
Cardiid number in Mörch’s accession book 1866–1872: #125 Cardium Cheriba, 4.5 feet
