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Misha Wolsgård Iversen :

Experiences from mainstreaming indigenous peoples and gender dimensions in an environmental

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ThemaTic PaPer:

exPeriences from mainsTreaming indigenous PeoPles and gender dimensions in an

environmenTal Programme

Danida, Technical Advisory Services, July 2008

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Thematic Paper:

Experiences from mainstreaming Indigenous Peoples and Gender Dimensions in an

Environmental Programme

Experiences from a Review of the

Regional Environment Programme in Central America (PREMACA

)

Danida, Technical Advisory Services, July 2008

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Introduction

This paper addresses indigenous peoples and gender aspects of an environment programme supported by Danida. It discusses some examples from a Regional Environment Programme in Central America (PREMACA¹), where efforts are made to improve the living conditions of indigenous peoples and other marginalised citizens, particularly women.

The paper tells the story of women who have increased their income five- fold with no extra work and of indigenous girls in technological schools that had no female students 10 years ago. It illustrates how a former discriminatory municipality is now proud of its indigenous characteristics and promotes indigenous participation, and how small indigenous eco-enterprises have gained access to international fair trade markets.

Last, but not least, the paper tells how support has been channelled to indigenous peoples in Central America for the elaboration of a regional environment agenda designed for political advocacy, and in drawing international attention to their struggle for survival.

The purpose of this paper is to share experiences from PREMACA with readers interested in sustainable development. The paper presents examples of how the issues of indigenous peoples and gender can be approached with the purpose of achieving posi tive results, impact and sustainability within development interventions. To understand the context in which PREMACA operates, a brief overview of indigenous peoples’ and gender equality issues in Central America is found at the end of the document. The paper does not intend to provide a compre- hensive coverage of these issues but merely seeks to increase awareness and motivate action in favour of indigenous peoples’ rights and gender equality.²The paper is based on consultations that took place during the latest programme review mission in April 2008.

1 Programa Regional de Medio Ambiente en Centro América.

2 According to Danidas’ new Gender Equality Toolbox, gender equality means that all human beings are free to develop their personal abilities and make choices without the limitations set by strict gender roles. Different behaviour, aspirations, and needs of women and men are considered, valued and favoured equally. Gender equity means fairness and justice in the distribution of benefits and responsibilities between women and men. It often requires women-specific programmes and policies to end existing inequalities.

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PREMACA in short

The Danish Government initiated its support to a regional environmental programme in Central America (PREMACA) in 2006. The programme is anchored with two regional organisations the Central Ameri- can Commission for Environment (CCAD) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN); it combines four major components with a total budget of DKK 250 million. The Programme promotes good environmental governance in Central America, including more effective enforcement of environmental laws and policies. To that end support is provided to increase the capacity of local governments to implement these policies and laws and to increase the capacity among civil society to participate and influence the process. Furthermore, the Programme includes support to the private sector.

The thematic focus of PREMACA is decentralised environmental management in support of the implementation of the regional environment plan, PARCA³. The Programme provides support to the regional level (CCAD and IUCN), to the national level (Ministries of Environment and Ministries responsible for decentralisation reforms) and to local levels (municipalities) in Guatemala and Honduras, two of the poorest countries in the region.⁴ Civil society is involved through a regional research and advocacy fund.

3 Plan Ambiental de la Región Centroamericana.

4 Support to the environment ministries is provided with the purpose of providing better technical assistance to the municipalities, promoting decentralisation strate- gies and lessons learned in relation to innovative environmental projects, improved accountability and citizen participation. The support to the four selected municipalities in Guatemala and Honduras is directed to pre-investment, environmental investment in services, and technical assistance particularly for provision of solid waste and integrated water management systems.

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Outcomes of the mainstreaming process

Non-discriminatory municipal management

One of the selected municipalities in Guatemala is Santa Cruz del Quiché situated 170 km North West of Guatemala City. In the early 1980s the area had some of the lowest socio-economic indicators in the country and was seriously affected by violent strife and discrimination against the indigenous population. Today, the scene has changed. The mayor, who was recently re-elected, has launched a so-called Municipal Policy on the Relevance of Culture to assure a non-discriminatory public management, recognising that 80% of the population is indigenous (mainly K’iche). The mayor himself does not dispaly his indigenous background in public spheres; only when asked directly does he men- tion his K’iche roots and an upbringing in the countryside, which could reflect his political balancing between the indigenous and ladino (mixed indigenous and Hispanic heritage) support base.

Innovative initiatives stemming from the new policy include participation of indigenous authorities in the city council, who are elected in conformity with their own principles, values, norms and proceedings.

Moreover, according to the new rules of the city council, a proposal sum- mary must be made available in K’iche and Spanish before any council decisions are taken to assure a reasoned and participative decision-making process. While these proceedings are innovative in terms of indigenous peoples’ rights in Guatemala, they do not take into account issues related to gender inequality.

Other interesting changes include the official recognition of an indigenous language, translating the names of the municipal offices from Span- ish to K’iche reflecting the spirit of the work of the particular office. For instance, the Mayor’s Office is translated into “K’amal ub’e qatinamit”, meaning “he who guides the destiny of our people” and the Administra- tion Office “Chijnel uq’inomal qatinamit”, meaning “the guardian of our people’s wealth”. The non-indigenous staff receives training in indigenous language and culture, and the municipality is equipped with a bilingual information stall designed to serve illiterate citizens. Important indigenous dates are celebrated in the municipality, the colours of the Mayan

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cosmo-vision are used in public events, a cultural centre has been created, and each year a municipal honour award is presented to individuals or organisations that support the recovering and diffusion of the culture Maya K’iche.

These initiatives demonstrate a growing respect and pride related to the indigenous characteristics of the municipality. This attitude is also reflected in the preparations for the establishment of integrated water and solid waste management systems where citizens with indigenous background (men and women) participate on equal terms with non- indigenous citizens. Moreover, the staff at the municipality is increasingly aware of the importance and necessity of working with gender in public management.

Increased income and improved sanitation for women : Gender & Zacapa rum

In order to support gender mainstreaming, a Gender & Youth Unit was recently created within the municipal Planning Unit. As in similar Gen- der Units in other Central American countries, this unit was automati- cally staffed with a woman. The coordinator, with K’iche background, is supervising and monitoring a number of activities targeted at improving the living conditions of families in rural areas, with particular focus on empowering and generating income among women. Successful examples include micro-credit schemes using a special short-furred sheep race (Pelibuey), which has adapted well to local conditions, and generating income through an organised production of palm weaved bottle decorations sold to the world famous ZACAPA rum company, a project which inspired the formulation of the private sector component of PREMACA.

The mayor gives strong moral support to this unit.

According to local women, who produce the bottle decorations at home, 54 women in the area participate in the project. The rum bottle decorations provide them with an opportunity to earn up to 5 USD per day instead of only 1 USD on the more time consuming palm weaved tapes that were, and still are, used for producing the traditional hats (sombre- ros).

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When asked what the additional earnings are used for, one woman explains that she wants to expand the house to include a latrine; today, human waste is discharged into the nearby river. Her husband, a street vendor in the capital most of the year, has already prepared the adobe bricks for the store during his last home visit.

In terms of the investments in solid waste and integrated water management, efforts have also been made to assure women’s active participation in the two local development committees, which according to the municipal adviser are traditionally male dominated institutions. It would be premature to draw any conclusions, but there seems - perhaps not surprisingly - to be most active women participation and organisational representation in the central urban areas, where education and income levels are higher than in the semi-urban areas.

Eco business development

With the objective of generating income and employment in poor communities in Guatemala and Honduras, PREMACA provides support to eco-enterprises based on environmental conservation and sustainable management of natural resources through professional national export institutions and NGOs.⁵ Emphasis is placed on ensuring opportunities for populations living in conditions of poverty, and the partners are using a productive chain approach, which focuses on the production phase and includes the transformation and marketing processes. This has shown interesting opportunities and challenges in terms of indigenous peoples’

rights and gender equality.

As a result of the specific strategic focus on ensuring opportunities for poor people, the vast majority of the Programme beneficiaries in Guate- mala are indigenous peoples . In Central America successful eco-enterprises have gained access to national and international markets, partially organic and fair-trade markets, generating important job and income opportunities in areas highly affected by migration, and simultaneously creating incentives for sustainable natural resource management. Moreo- ver, the support has strengthened their organisations and capacity to deal

5 In Guatemala the support is channeled through an export organisation (AGEX- PORT), while the institutional set-up in Honduras consists of an export organisation (FIDE), and two NGOs (FUNDER and SNV).

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with fair trade markets. That said it remains a challenge to go beyond simply looking at the participating indigenous groups as beneficiaries. A more rights-based approach supporting the empowerment of indigenous peoples, creating spaces for organisational participation and access to decision-making processes and acknowledging the intellectual property rights of indigenous peoples, is, however, not the typical approach of private business organisations. Nevertheless, efforts are made within the involved agencies to understand and include these considerations.

A break-through in the coffee industry: “Feminine Coffee”

In the process of supporting capacity-building of the eco-enterprises and assuring micro-entrepreneur development, the responsible agencies in both countries work with women associations and mixed associations depending on the context. According to the partner organisation, it is however difficult to raise gender equality issues among most of the production organisations in Guatemala, and even more challenging to have women elected as representatives in the organisations. Consequently, the selection committee decided to make positive discrimination towards production chains where gender considerations are included or towards women producers.

As a result, it was recently agreed to support an association of indigenous women producing what they call Feminine Coffee in North Western Guatemala.⁶ Feminine Coffee is a relatively new fair trade market niche seeking to provide customers with high quality organic coffee and improve living conditions for women and children in coffee communities throughout the world.⁷

The association has already managed to obtain several fair trade and organic certifications, but the women want further capacity building in entrepreneurship and commercial management to explore export

6 Asociación de Cooperación al Desarrollo Integral de Huehuetenango (ACODIHUE) which groups ten different organisations and small-scale coffee cooperatives.

7 The story of Feminine Coffee began in 2004 with the first gathering of almost 500 female coffee producers in Northern Peru. In the search for improved living conditions the women got the idea of separating their coffee from the rest of the production, getting access to the marketing of coffee and the decision-making on how to use the money from coffee sales. The concept is particularly supported by The Café Feminino Foundation.

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opportunities and utilise the fair trade market niche for feminine coffee. Moreover, the women are interested in achieving recognition and strengthening their position as coffee producers and merchants in the mainly male dominated overall association.⁸

Today, the association sells the whole production to the US company The Earth Friendly Coffee Company which buys for a fixed and fair price (USD 2.40/pound). The plan is to increase total production from 25,000 to 37,000 pounds annually over a five year period, and change production to export toasted and grinded coffee instead of the raw coffee beans as it is today. That way, the total value will increase from USD 60,000 per year to USD 128,000. According to the business development plan this process will increase employment from the current 10 to 160, and more than double current family incomes.

The social results expected from the project are empowerment of the indigenous women, increased recognition of the women’s work, improved quality of life among the producers, and better access to health and education for the children. In terms of environmental benefits, the coffee is shade grown and chemical free, and the expected outputs is sustainable watershed management, reforestation, improved chemical and solid waste management, land conservation, and increased environmental awareness among the participating families.

Business development, gender and democratization One of the partner organisations in the business component in Guate- mala is the NGO IIDEMAYA, the Institute for Mayan Research and Development. In the early 1990s, the organisation initiated a process called PAFMAYA⁹ based on Mayan philosophy to support a peaceful and non-discriminatory development process.

Today, they advocate for the recognition and incorporation of Mayan culture in national and international agendas, and support the strengthening of community organisations through advisory and technical assistance. Through their seven technological centres and university grants vil-

8 Of ACODIHUE’s 3.500 members 235 are women.

9 Plan de Acción Forestal Maya. www.pafmaya.org

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lagers have gained access to formal education, particularly in sustainable agriculture and forestry. According to the co-founder of IIDEMAYA and member of the Board, no young women went to technical schools ten years ago, but today 15% of the students at the centres are women. Even though it is still mainly boys who make it though secondary school and beyond, the co-founder believes there is a change in the parents’ attitude towards recognizing the need for - and benefits of - giving their daughters a formal education.

Having worked a number of years with communities around the country has taught IIDEMAYA that Mayan women are generally responsible for the wellbeing of the family, particularly the children’s education and health, and for that reason they are generally interested in income genera- tion through economic activities. A significant contributing factor to this situation was the violent strife of the past, which forced many indigenous women to act as single parents, making women the key actors when try- ing to improve living conditions in the communities.

That said, IIDEMAYA has also experienced that when intending to increase gender equality by empowering women and generating income, it is extremely important to have a family-oriented approach rather than focusing only on the women. In that way, the level of resistance and conflicts in the communities are reduced, creating better opportunities for women’s access to decision-making processes and achieving more positive long-term impact.

Results from Civil society engagement in The Environmental Research & Advocacy Fund

Civil society organisations are supported through the Environmental Research and Advocacy Fund, which is managed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Regional Office for Mesoamerica (IUCN).10 A broad variety of civil society organisations in the region have received funds for more than sixty research and advocacy projects, and after less than two years of existence the results look promising; also in terms of gender equality and indigenous peoples’ rights.

10 The Fund was initially financed by PREMACA but is now co-funded by Conservation International and The Ford Foundation. The total annual budget is approximately USD 1 mill.

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Through the Fund, resources have been channeled to the Council of the Indigenous Peoples of Central America (CICA) for the elaboration of a regional indigenous environment agenda “Returning to Our Origins”¹¹. The proposal was developed by CICA’s national members, and is according to CICA President Donald Rojas subsequently being lobbied ,with success, in national and regional political decision-making forums. As a result, the agenda is now incorporated into the proposal for a new regional environment pact “Central America for Life”¹², promoted and facilitated by IUCN. The pact is a key contribution to the efforts of reprioritising environmental concerns on the development agenda in Central America. This is highly influenced by the current discourse on climate change and the UN Climate Change Conference to be held in Copenhagen in 2009 (COP15).

Moreover, through the Regional Environment Commission, CCAD, CICA has been able to lobby ministers on indigenous peoples’ issues; a theme that not all Central American states are eager to acknowledge de- spite the fact that all of them signed the UN Declaration on Indigenous Peoples Rights last year.

Another interesting example from the Environmental Research & Advo- cacy Fund, representing a different kind of environmental advocacy, is from Panama, where Ngobe and Naso territories are threatened by the construction of a series of hydroelectric dams; the so called Changuinola Project. The dams would flood the Ngobe’s traditional territory, but with support from the Fund a national emergency advocacy campaign run by the indigenous peoples’ organisations and an allied NGO managed to draw public attention to the issue, also in the United States which is home to the concession owner, AES. As a result, a UNESCO world heritage evaluation mission visited the area, and the indigenous peoples’

organisations have filed a petition with the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, alleging violations of their human rights. Moreover, the indigenous peoples have appealed to the commission to go directly to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights for an order calling on Panama to halt all work on the dam until the indigenous peoples are

11 “Volver A Nuestros Orígenes”

12 “Centro América por la Vida”

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properly consulted and their rights respected. It is generally assumed that even though the Changuinola Project is not likely to be abandoned, it is acknowledged that in the future the government will not handle such projects in the same manner. The massive national and international protests in the wake of the Changuinola Project were not in vain.

Concluding remarks

The above examples illustrate a variety of approaches applied by the Programme in the efforts to mainstream gender and indigenous peoples’

rights in accordance with international conventions, and with the com- mitments of the Danish Government; and how mainstreaming becomes a win-win story for the environment and for poverty reduction.

Separately, the stories show how decentralisation processes can be in favour of both indigenous peoples and gender equality when discriminatory public management is replaced by increasing pride and respect.

Moreover, they show how business support can facilitate the creation of successful indigenous eco-enterprises with access to national and international fair trade markets, providing incentives for sustainable management of natural resources and empowerment of women.

In terms of civil society, the examples illustrate how indigenous peoples’

organisations with relatively limited funds can increase their opportunities for exercising political advocacy on environmental issues at regional level. Further, the story from Panama shows the impact of efficient political advocacy from below, reminding us that it is not only about respect- ing indigenous peoples’ rights but also sometimes a question of survival.

Being a regional environment programme, there are naturally limitations as to what contributions can be made towards solving the great challenges in the region related to the social exclusion and inequities between the different sectors of the Central American populations based on ethnic and gender reasons.¹³ However, the stories above jointly illustrate the close linkages between sustainable development and governance, particularly the democratisation processes in the region. In this way, PREMACA can facilitate important opportunities for indigenous peoples and gender equality.

13 Kindly se the following background information note for a brief overview of key issues related to indigenous peoples rights and gender equality in Central America.

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Annex: Background information:

Indigenous peoples and gender equality in Central America

Indigenous peoples

Indigenous and afro descendant men and women have historically faced discrimination and marginalization in the region.¹⁴ Social, economic and political exclusion exist in most of the countries. This is reflected in the indigenous peoples’ disproportional representation among the poor and extremely poor and in significantly lower Human Development Indica- tors compared to the non-indigenous population. Indigenous women often encounter additional barriers related to their gender and age (Tomai 2005).¹⁵

In Central America 83% of the indigenous peoples are poor compared to 36% of the non-indigenous population, and 70% are living in extreme poverty compared to 22% of the non-indigenous population. However, instead of simply stating they are poor, indigenous peoples themselves find it more appropriate to talk about impoverishment processes. They do not necessarily consider themselves to be poor; many in fact dislike being labelled as such because of its negative and discriminatory connotations (Estado de la Región 2003; IWGIA 2008).

Even though the general level of literacy is high in Costa Rica and Panama, the indigenous population has considerably lower percentages of literacy than the non-indigenous population (15% and 30% respectively) (Estado de la Región 2003; Pérez Brignoli 2003).

The indigenous peoples’ participation in political and legal decision- making processes regarding economic development and environmental management is limited, and the unequal land distribution is a significant restrain for the region’s indigenous peoples. In the extreme end lies Gua- temala, where less than 1% of the agricultural producers possess almost

14 Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama.

15 Worldwide indigenous and tribal peoples number about 300 to 370 million, equivalent to 5% of the world’s population, but over 15% of the world’s poor (IWGIA 2008).

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75% of the cultivable land; a significant figure considering almost 70%

of the population lives in rural areas (Grunberg 2003).

Most of the Central American states today acknowledge the existence of indigenous peoples and have included indigenous concerns in national policies and ratified international conventions associated with indigenous peoples’ rights such as the Convention on Biological Diversity¹⁶ and the recent UN Declaration of Indigenous Peoples Rights, which is a key international tool to protect the indigenous peoples’ rights and to increase the knowledge and awareness on indigenous issues.

However, some states continue to reject recognizing the indigenous peoples and desist from ratifying conventions protecting their rights, particularly their rights to land and territories. Thus, only three states in the region (Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras) have signed the ILO Convention 169.

16 The CBD Article 8 (j) requires that signatories ‘shall, as far as possible and as appropriate’ and ‘subject’ to [their] national legislation, respect, preserve and maintain knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities embod- ying traditional lifestyles relevant to the conser vation and sustainable use of biological diversity, and promote their wider application with the approv al and involvement of the holders of such knowledge, innovations and practices and encourage the equita ble sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of such knowledge, innovations and practices’.

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Indigenous peoples in Central America (2000/2002)

Estimated number Of total population

Panama 285000 10 %

Costa Rica 64000 2 %

Nicaragua 395000 7 %

El Salvador * 80-400000 1-5%

Belize 40000 17 %

Honduras 440000 6 %

Guatemala* 4500000-6500000 37-53%

Total 5800000-8100000 15-21 %

Sources: Estado de la Región 2003; Pérez Brignoli 2003;IWGIA 2007; CICA 2008

* The uncertainty associated with the number of indigenous peoples in El Salva- dor reflects the lack of political recognition, while in Guatemala it rather reflects disputes between different interest groups.

Gender equality

The Central American States have signed most of the international and regional instruments on gender equality, along with the plans of action stemming from the global conferences on women’s advancement in the 1990s. Nonetheless, conditions for Central American women have been steadily deteriorating, from their role as combatants in the region’s armed conflicts, through their assuming new and complex roles in the post-war era in strong patriarchal societies (Altamirano & Valle 2007).

According to the State of the Region (Estado de la Región 2003), poverty is generally not biased towards women nor towards female headed house-

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holds. Both are slightly higher in Costa Rica and Honduras, whereas the contrary is the case in Nicaragua and Panama. Regarding access to education and health, the low educational levels and the large deficit of health services in rural areas are the most significant factors, which lead to high maternal and child mortality. The disadvantaged conditions based on gender and ethnic identity mean that rural and indigenous women have the least access to formal and informal education, as well as to sexual and reproductive health information and services.¹⁷

While life expectancy and nutritional status have improved in the region, the maternal mortality rates, which are closely associated with poverty, are high and even higher for rural and indigenous women. A main con- cern is the high level of teenage pregnancy (17%) compared to the rest of Latin America. Teenage pregnancy is related to high levels of poverty, low levels of education and information, low social mobility, poor access to sexual and reproductive health information, education and services, and to gender subordination reinforced by a strong religious influence, which also contributes to high rates of sexual violence in minors and adolescents (Altamirano & Valle 2007).

The magnitude of violence against women and girls has lead it to be officially recognized as a public health problem. Further, in recent years there has been a surge in problems linked to sexual trafficking, drugs and prostitution, which mainly affect boys, girls and women, making them more susceptible to HIV/AIDS.

In terms of employment, one quarter of employed women in Central America earn less than the minimum wage because of their social status.

On average, women earn 70 percent of what men earn, and, in addition, women need four more years of education than men to earn the same as they do (Altamirano & Valle 2007). Moreover, limited social recognition and no monetary value is assigned to the activities women generally

17 In all the countries except Guatemala and El Salvador girls have primary enrolment ratios equal to or greater than those for boys. Guatemala is the only country where girls have lower secondary enrolment ratios than boys. For illiteracy, Costa Rica and Panama have the lowest rates, while Guatemala and Nicaragua are at the other end of the scale; more women than men are illiterate in the rest of the countries. Data indicate that while women in general have difficulties in getting access to education, when they do get access they defy the educational level of the men, indicating significant improvements in opportunities (Estado de la Región 2003).

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are responsible for - such as providing care for children and sick people, supervising the education of children, and providing food and personal hygiene services - all of which are indispensable for the development of human capital in society.¹⁸

As with indigenous peoples, women have generally limited access to political and legal decision-making processes, and the lack of access to and rights to own land are major obstacles to achieving gender equality.

18 In Nicaragua, the only country in the region that has data on the monetary value of reproductive work, it was estimated that in 1998 the total value of reproductive work came to close to 30 percent of the GDP, of which women contributed 78.4 percent, or US$497 million, equal to 85 percent of the total value of export goods for that same year (Altamirano & Valle 2007).

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References

Indigenous Peoples

Brignoli, Héctor Pérez (2003) : “Desafío de la Multiculturalidad, América Central:

un mosaico étnico y cultural” in Estado de la Región (2003): “Segundo Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano en Centroamérica y Panamá”

Danida (2004): “Strategy for Danish Support to Indigenous People”, www.amg.

um.dk/en/menu/policiesandstrategies/indigenouspeoples

Danida (2006): “Monitoring and Indicators: Indigenous Peoples in Bilateral As- sistance”, Technical Note

Danida (2006): “Tool Kit: Best practices for including indigenous peoples in sector programme support”

Estado de la Región (2003): “Segundo Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano en Centroamérica y Panamá”, UNDP

Grunberg, George (2003) : “Multiculturalidad en Centroamérica: Se reconoce Centroamérica como una región pluriétnica y multicultural?” in Estado de la Región (2003): “Segundo Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano en Centroamérica y Panamá”

Hartley, Bonney (2008): “MDG Reports and Indigenous Peoples: A desk review”, No.3, prepared for the Secretariat of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues

IFAD 2003: “Indigenous Peoples & Sustainable Development”, Discussion Paper IGNARM (2005): “Integrating Indigenous and Gender Aspects in Natural Resource Management: Guidelines for Practitioners”, IGNARM Guidelines edited by Ger- trud Bjørning & Elisabeth Kiørboe, WWF, IWGIA, KULU, Nepenthes & DIIS IWGIA (2007): “The Indigenous World 2007”

IWGIA (2008): www.iwgia.org

Tomei, Manuela (2005): “Indigenous and Tribal Peoples: An Ethnic Audit of Se- lected Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers”, ILO

United Nations Declaration on Indigenous Peoples Rights: www.un.org/esa/

socdev/unpfii/en/declaration.html

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aspx

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19 Gender

MDG3 campaign: www.mdg3action.um.dk/en

IUCN Gender & Environment website: www.generoyambiente.org (Spanish) and www.genderandenvironment.org (English)

Gender and monitoring: www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/cf/searchres.cfm

Gender, Minorities and Indigenous Peoples: www.siyanda.org/search/results.

cfm

Aguilar, Lorena (2005): “Gender Makes the Difference” Gender and Environment Publications, IUCN

Altamirano, Martha Yllescas & Guadalupe Salinas Valle (2007): “The Associa- tion Agreement between the European Union and Central America: Its potential impact on women’s lives in Central America”, Central America Women’s Network (CAWN)

Danida (2004): “Gender Equality in Danish Development Cooperation”, www.

amg.um.dk

Danida (2008): “Gender Toolbox” www.danidadevforum.um.dk/en/menu/Top- ics/GenderEquality

IUCN (1998): “Gender and Environment – A Politic Reason”

Kabeer, Naila (2003): “Gender Equality, Poverty Eradication and the Millen- nium Development Goals: Promoting Women’s Capabilities and Participation”, Gender & Development Discussion Paper Series No. 13, Institute of Develop- ment Studies, Sussex, elaborated for the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

Lara, Silvia (2005):”The Millenium Development Goals: Gender Makes the Difference”, IUCN

OECD (2002): “Poverty-Environment-Gender Linkages”, DAC Journal 2001, Volume 2, No.4

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Ministry of Foreign Affairs Danida

Danida Thematic Paper July 2008

Title

Experiences from mainstreaming indigenous peoples and gender dimensions in an environmental programme Author

Misha Wolsgård Iversen Task Team Leader Elsebeth Tarp, BFT Publisher

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark Asiatisk Plads 2

DK 1448 Copenhagen K Phone: +45 33 9 2 00 00 E- mail: um@um.dk

Internet: http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk Cover photo

Misha Wolsgaard Iversen , AGEXPORT and IUCN Print

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark

This publication can be downloaded or ordered from:

www.danida-publikationer.dk or

DBK Logistik Service: Phone: 45 3269 7788. E mail: salg@dbk.dk The text of the publication can be freely quoted

ISBN 978-87-7087-037-5 (Print version) ISBN 978-87-7087-038-2 (Internet version)

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