Internal report

(1)

A A R H U S U N I V E R S I T E T

Faculty of Argricultural Sciences Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments:

A Nordic Research Platform – A Catalogue

J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen

Internal report

(2)

Jens Petersen ^{1) *)}, Lennart Mattsson ²⁾, Hugh Riley ³⁾, Tapio Salo ⁴⁾, Gudni Thorvaldsson ⁵⁾ &

Bent T. Christensen ¹⁾

1) University of Aarhus, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences (DJF), Department of Agroecology and Environment, Denmark

2) Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU),

Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil and Environment

3) Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Arable Crops Division

4) MTT Agrifood Research Finland

5) Agricultural University of Iceland

*) Corresponding author: jens.petersen@agrsci.dk, phone +45 89 99 17 12

Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments:

A Nordic Research Platform – A Catalogue

internal reports contain primarily research results and reports on experiments and are intended mainly for Dias employees and collaborators.

the reports can also be used as sup- porting documents for project meetings.

the reports can also describe internal relationships and guidelines for Dias.

price per report (non-subscribers):

Up to 50 pages: pr. stk. DKK 55,- 50 + pages: pr. stk. DKK 85,- 75 + pages: pr. stk. DKK 110,- please apply to:

aarhus Universitet

Faculty of agricultural sciences po Box 50

8830 tjele Denmark tel: 45 8999 1028 www.agrsci.au.dk

printing: www.digisource.dk

(3)

Jens Petersen ^{1) *)}, Lennart Mattsson ²⁾, Hugh Riley ³⁾, Tapio Salo ⁴⁾, Gudni Thorvaldsson ⁵⁾ &

Bent T. Christensen ¹⁾

1) University of Aarhus, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences (DJF), Department of Agroecology and Environment, Denmark

2) Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU),

Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil and Environment

3) Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Arable Crops Division

4) MTT Agrifood Research Finland

5) Agricultural University of Iceland

*) Corresponding author: jens.petersen@agrsci.dk, phone +45 89 99 17 12

Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments:

A Nordic Research Platform – A Catalogue

internal reports contain primarily research results and reports on experiments and are intended mainly for Dias employees and collaborators.

the reports can also be used as sup- porting documents for project meetings.

the reports can also describe internal relationships and guidelines for Dias.

price per report (non-subscribers):

Up to 50 pages: pr. stk. DKK 55,- 50 + pages: pr. stk. DKK 85,- 75 + pages: pr. stk. DKK 110,- please apply to:

aarhus Universitet

Faculty of agricultural sciences po Box 50

8830 tjele Denmark tel: 45 8999 1028

(4)

(5)

Well managed long-term agricultural field experiments (LTEs) and their related datasets of measurements provide a unique research platform for studies on the sustainability of the soil resource. This catalogue is an inventory of ongoing LTEs within the Nordic countries, describing their location, their history, the experimental design and treatments, and the availability of archived samples, of climatic recordings and of data from previous studies on soil and crop properties. The catalogue is also available at www.planteinfo.dk/Nordic-LTE.

An overview (Petersen et al., 2008) of the LTEs in this catalogue will be presented at NJF-seminar no. 407 entitled Long-term field experiments - a unique research platform, held in June 2008 and organized by a working group appointed by Section I (Soil, Water and Environment) of the Nordic Association of Agricultural Scientists (NJF) and supported by Norden – The Nordic Council of Ministers. This catalogue and the accompanying overview report are intended to serve as background for discussing, qualifying and setting common standards for the entries, and for

identifying research areas and joint projects that could benefit from the research platform, e.g. their feasibility in relation to the proposed EU Framework Directive for protection of the soil resource.

Methods

A questionnaire was established to identify experiments that might qualify for the inventory of Nordic long-term soil experiments. In the present context LTEs were considered to be experiments initiated before 1990. Along with an information letter the questionnaire was distributed within each Nordic country (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark) through national contact persons plus in the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). The structure of the questionnaire was deliberately kept simple and included entries that could be completed without consulting a large number of colleagues and without digging deep into experimental details. We requested the completed questionnaires to be returned before May 2007. In October 2007 a draft inventory was distributed to researchers who had submitted entries to provide them with the possibility of checking their entries. Supplementary information concerning climate and experimental designs was sampled during November 2007-February 2008.

(6)

The catalogue includes 38 experimental plans for ongoing LTEs in Norway (NO), Sweden (SE), Finland (FI), Estonia (EE) and Denmark (DK) (Figure 1). A unique catalogue number consisting of the country code and a number has been assigned to each experimental plan (Table 1). A familiar calling name is used for more widely known experiments.

Figure 1 Sites of ongoing long-term experiments initiated before 1990 in the Nordic and Baltic countries. There may be more experiments located at the same site.

The web-catalogue available at www.planteinfo.dk/Nordic-LTE is a database from which LTEs may be selected based on included treatments (Mineral fertilizers, Animal manures, Sewage sludge, Compost, Lime, Crops, Crop residues, Crop rotation and Soil cultivation), existence of plant and soil archives and country.

Finland Sweden

Norway Iceland

Denmark

Estonia Latvia Lithuania

65 N 10 E

55 N 20 E

(7)

countries.

Catalogue name

Familiar calling

name Full name

DK-1 The Askov Carbon-13 Maize Experiment

DK-2 Askov-LTE The Askov Long-Term Experiments on Animal Manure and Mineral Fertilizers

DK-3 Soil tillage and catch crop on sandy soil

DK-4 Vekselvirkningen Effects of liming and P fertilisation

DK-5 Interactions between straw incorporation, catch crop growing and time of tillage in spring barley

DK-6 System research – organic matter level

DK-7 Miscanthus Hornum

DK-8 Long-term Nutrient Depletion Trial

EE-1 International Organic - Nitrogen – Long - Term – Experiment

FI-1 Kotkanoja leaching field

FI-2 Toholampi leaching field

FI-3 Lintupaju buffer zone field

FI-4 Management of straw

FI-5 Effects of ploughless tillage on physical and chemical properties of soil

NO-1 Reduced tillage on loam soils

NO-2 Møystad Long-term fertilizer experiments at Møystad

NO-3 The Apelsvoll Cropping System Experiment

NO-4 Reduced tillage on clay loam soils

NO-5 Omløpsforsøket Long-term crop rotation field trial

NO-6 Long-term PK fertilization trials

NO-7 Soil tillage autumn and spring

NO-8 ABC-soil compaction

NO-9 Soil tillage systems

NO-10 Catch crop in cereals cropping

SE-Frame Ramförsöket Ultuna soil organic matter experiment

SE-0014 Long-term experiment with sewage sludge

SE-0020/21 Humus balance in cereal and ley rotations

SE-0056 Cropping systems, environmental effects

SE-1001 Kalk-fosfor försök Lime and phosphorus

SE-1002 Lime and organic matter

SE-1037 Lime and soil chemical properties

(8)

SE-9001 Bördighetsförsök Soil fertility experiments

SE-40002 Crop sequences with different cropping strategies

SE-40007 Crop sequences with different cropping strategies (and barley monoculture) SE-41103 Crop rotations with or without ley

SE-49062 Spring cereals in monoculture

Furthermore the web-catalogue offers maps indicating the experimental sites including climatic conditions. The climate was recorded manually until establishment of automatic weather stations, often but not always located nearby the experimental site. The monthly mean temperature and precipitation (1961-1990 normal) for each experimental site available at the web-catalogue are obtained from the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Estonian Meteorological and

Hydrological Institute (EMHI), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk), Norwegian Meteorological Institute (DNMI) and Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI).

The information in the catalogue has been compiled in the overview report (Petersen et al., 2008).

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge competent and invaluable assistance from Karina Rysholt Christensen, Birgit Sørensen, Margit Styrbæk Jørgensen, Anne Sehested, and Margit Schacht in the various phases of adapting the inventory information into web-pages and reports. The work was founded by The Nordic Council of Ministers, which is acknowledged.

References

Petersen, J., Mattsson, L., Riley, H., Salo, T., Thorvaldsson, G. & Christensen, B.T. (2008) Long Continued Agricultural Soil Experiments: A Nordic Research Platform – An overview. Aarhus University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, DJF-report Plant Science no. 136, 20 pp.

(9)

J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: DK-1

Local name of the experiment 13-C Majsforsøget ved Askov Forsøgsstation English name of the experiment The Askov Carbon-13 Maize Experiment Country Denmark County (-ies) Region Syd/Sydjylland (South Jutland) Name of location (s) Askov Experimental Station, Frames Latitude, longitude and altitude

for each location

55º 28' N, 09º 07' E, 63 meters above sea level

Soil type(s) (soil class and/or verbal description, e.g. texture and/or geological origin for each location)

Sandy loam soils from Roskilde, Rønhave and Askov, and sand soil from Lundgaard: Clay contents: ROS 14%; RØN 18%; ASK 14%; LUN 6%.

Start of experiment (year) 1988 Expected duration (year) or ND

for not yet decided

ND Size of treated plot (length ×

width and area)

Circular concrete cylinders (depth 0.5 m, diam. 0.7 m, area 0.38 m²), inserted 45 cm into the ground outdoor

Number of treatment replicates 1 (2 for two of the treatments) - 2-factorial design.

Total number of plots 10 (section A)

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) To study the longer-term turnover of carbon in arable soils by measuring the changes in the natural abundance of 13-C in four typical Danish arable soils under continuous silage maize cropping.

Askov

Main experimental treatments (please tick appropriate boxes).

For “Other” please provide key words

Mineral fertilisers Animal manures Sewage sludge Compost Lime

Crops

Crop residues Crop rotation Soil Cultivation Other: Soiltype General agricultural practice not

included as experimental variables (please tick

appropriate boxes). For “Other”

please provide key words

Cereal Crops Grass

Grass/Clover N-fixing crops

Monoculture Crop rotation Other: Silage maize

Yield:

Plant analysis:

Soil analysis:

Climate:

Annually Annually Annually Manual

By crop rotation By crop rotation By crop rotation Automatic Systematic recordings (please

tick appropriate boxes)

(10)

Supplementary details, optional (max. 1 page)

The experimental plan include treatments, where extra 0.8 kg DM/m² of above-ground maize biomass is added every year Key references describing the

layout, history and other basic results of the experiment

Kristiansen, S.M., Hansen, E.M., Jensen, L.S. & Christensen, B.T. (2005) Natural 13-C abundance and carbon storage in Danish soils under continuous silage maize. European Journal of Agronomy 22, 107-117.

Examples of references to studies that have drawn on material or data from the experiment or have been embedded in the experiment

Kristiansen, S.M., Brandt, M., Hansen, E.M., Magid, J. &

Christensen, B.T. (2004) 13-C signature of CO2 evolved from incubated maize residues and maize-derived sheep faeces. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36, 99-105.

Title, name, full address, www and e-mail of the holder of the experiment and/or contact person

Research professor Bent T. Christensen, University of Aarhus,

Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,

Departement of Agroecology and Environment, P.O. Box 50,

DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.

Bent.T.Christensen@agrsci.dk www.agrsci.org

Supplementary information (optional)

The treatments in section A are four soiltypes and +/- incorporation of straw.

In 1996 the experiment was expanded with a section B in which the ASK and LUN soils are amended with additional carbon inputs in the form of maize biomass or maize derived sheep faeces. The treatments in section B are in 3 replicates, providing a total of 2(soils) × 3(treatments) × 3(replicates)= 18 plots, plus 2 reference plots grown with C3-crops

Comments:

Frame experiment

(11)

J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: DK-2 Askov LTE

Local name of the experiment De langvarige gødningsforsøg ved Askov Forsøgsstation English name of the experiment The Askov Long-Term Experiments on Animal Manure and

Mineral Fertilizers

Country Denmark County (-ies) Region Syd / Sydjylland (South Jutland) Name of location (s) Askov Experimantal Station

Latitude, longitude and altitude for each location

55º 28' N, 09º 07' E, 63 meters above sea level

Askov

Lermarken: Morainal deposits from the earlier Saalean glacial period. Classified as a Argiudoll. Topsoil: 11% clay, 12% silt, 42% fine sand and 36% coarse sand, pH(CaCl2)=5.6.

Underground: 22% clay, 14% silt, 35% fine sand and 30%

coarse sand, pH(CaCl2)~4.

Sandmarken: A coarse sand soil (4% clay, silt 5%, fine sand 35%

and coarse sand 57%) Start of experiment (year) 1893

Expected duration (year) or ND for not yet decided

width and area)

Lermarken: 7.33×9.40 = 69 m² (B2), 11.68×9.40 =110 m² (B3, B4 and B5)

Sandmarken: 7.53×7.30 = 55 m² (G1 and G2), 8.78×6.25 = 55 m² (G3) and 10.03×5.48 = 55 m² (G4)

Number of treatment replicates 1-6 depening on treatment, but typical 2-4. Basicly 1-factorial design, but some treatments may be regarded in the view of a 2- factorial design.

Total number of plots 174 at Lermarken and 96 at Sandmarken

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) The experiments were established to test the nutritive value to crops of farmyard manure and to compare the effect of the manure with that obtained after addition of similar amounts of N, P, and K in mineral fertilizers. Unmanured plots were included to serve as reference treatments. The effect of individual

nutrients was studied in separate plots dressed with N, P, and K containing salts added individually or in combinations of two or three.

Mineral fertilisers Crops

Animal manures Crop residues

(12)

words Compost

Lime

Soil Cultivation

Other: Combinations of mineral fertilizers (NPK, NP, NK, PK as well as single elements)

General agricultural practice not included as experimental

variables (please tick

Cereal Crops Grass

Monoculture Crop rotation

Other: The Lermarken is maintained in a four crop course rotation, while the Sandmarken is permanent pasture.

Yield:

Plant analysis:

Soil analysis:

Climate:

Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines):

Sample archive (please tick appropriate boxes)

Plant:

Soil:

Yes Yes

No No Supplementary details, optional

(max. 1 page)

In the early years, emphasis was on crop responses in terms of harvest yields and economic returns, and on demonstrating to farmers and advisors the beneficial effects of nutrient

management in crop production. At that time, a general change in agricultural production towards animal husbandry increased the volume of animal manure available on many farms and an increasing number of pigs and cattle required a larger and more reliable production of forage and grain. From this development emerged a need to establish more precisely the value of animal manure given to various crop rotations. At the same time, there was a growing interest in the use of mineral salts (“artificial manures”) as a source of plant nutrients. Scientists had already recognized the potential of mineral fertilizers but the use of mineral fertilizers in crop production was insignificant and many practical issues remained unsolved. One major concern was the consequences for soil fertility when animal manures were completely substituted by inorganic salts. The traditional farmyard manure rich in bedding material contributed to the maintenance of soil organic matter levels. Although it soon became clear that crops grew well following adequate and

balanced additions of mineral fertilizers, their longer-term effects on soil fertility remained of great concern. This concern widened the scope of the experiments, and since 1923 soil has been sampled systematically at 4 to 5 years intervals and analysed for chemical properties, including total-C and total-N. Systematic analyses of crops for nutrient content were not introduced until 1949.

Adjustments of the experimental layout have been made in accordance with recommendations presented at the Anniversary Workshop. The two major changes concern the B4-field at the Lermarken site and the Sandmarken site. At the Lermarken site,

(13)

the experimental plan of the B4-field was changed in 1996. One main objective was to allow for a comparison of equivalent amounts of nutrients given either in cattle slurry or in cattle farmyard manure plus liquid manure. In 1997, the Sandmarken site was converted into permanent grassland. The nutrient additions were stopped and the site was sown to grass in March 1997. The grass is cut once or twice each year, the cut grass being left on the plots. Soil samples are taken from each of the previous treatments every 4th year.

Key references describing the layout, history and other basic results of the experiment

Christensen, B. T., Petersen, J., Kjellerup, V. K. & Trentemøller, U. (1994) The Askov Long-Term Experiments on Animal Manure and Mineral Fertilizers: 1894-1994. Danish Institute of Plant and Soil Science (Statens Planteavlsforsøg), SP-report no.

43, 85pp.

Christensen, B.T. & Trentemøller, U.T. (1995) The Askov Lon- Term Experiments on Animal Manure and Mineral Fertilizers.

100^th Anniversary Workshop at Askov Experimental Station, 8^th- 10^th Septerber 1994. Danish Institute of Plant and Soil Science (Statens Plateavlsforsøg), SP-report no. 29, 188pp.

Christensen, B.T., Petersen, J. & Trentemøller, U.T. (2006) The Askov Long-Term Experiments on Animal Manure and Mineral Fertilizers: The Lermarken site 1894-2004. Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences (Danmarks JordbrugsForskning), DIAS report Plant Production no. 121, 104 pp.

120 references are listed in:

Christensen, B.T., Petersen, J. & Trentemøller, U.T. (2006) The Askov Long-Term Experi-ments on Animal Manure and Mineral Fertilizers: The Lermarken site 1894-2004. Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, DIAS report Plant Production no. 121, 104 pp.

Research professor Bent T. Christensen, University of Aarhus,

Departement of Agroecology and Environment, P.O. Box 50,

DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.

Bent.T.Christensen@agrsci.dk www.agrsci.org

(14)

Local name of the experiment Jordbearbejdning og efterafgrøde på sandjord English name of the experiment Soil tillage and catch crop on sandy soil Country Denmark

County (-ies) Region Syd / Sønderjylland (South Jutland) Name of location (s) Jyndevad Experimental Station

54° 54' N, 09° 07' E, 16 meters above sea level

JB1, coarse sand (0-20 cm): clay (< 2μm) 39, silt (2-20μm) 41, fine sand (20-200μm) 122 and coarse sand (200-2000μm) 768 g/kg. Organic matter: 29 g/kg. Ortic Haplohumod. Melt water sand from the Weichselian glacial age.

for not yet decided

width and area)

6.75m x 18.0m = 121.5 m² Number of treatment replicates 4

Total number of plots 72 - 2-factorial partly randomised complete block design arranged as a strip-plot experiment with four replications. Soil tillage/catch crop are main plots and N rates are sub-plots.

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) To evaluate long term effects of different cultivation practices (soil tillage, catch crop and N rate) on yield, N-uptake and nitrate leaching.

Crops

Crop residues Crop rotation Soil Cultivation Other: Catch crop, N rates General agricultural practice not

Cereal Crops Grass

Monoculture Crop rotation Other:

Yield:

Plant analysis:

Soil analysis:

Climate:

Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): 4-8 year between sampling. Samples analysed for C, but the soil is lost.

Sample archive (please tick Plant: Yes No

Jyndevad

(15)

Supplementary details, optional

(max. 1 page)

Rasmussen, K.J. (1991) Reduceret jordbearbejdning og italiensk rajgræs som efterafgrøde. I. Vækstbetingelser, udbytte,

afgrødeanalyser og ukrudt. Tidsskrift. Planteavl 95, 119-138.

Hansen E.M. & Djurhuus, J. (1997) Yield and N uptake as affected by soil tillage and catch crop. Soil & Tillage Research 42, 241-252.

Hansen, E.M. (2000) Nitrate leaching as affected by introduction or discontinuation of cover crop use. Journal of Environmental Quality 29, 1110-1116. (In total approximately 30 references).

Senior scientist Elly Møller Hansen Faculty of Agricultural Sciences

Department of Agroecology and Environment Blichers Alle 20

P.O. Box 50 DK-8830 Tjele Denmark

Elly.M.Hansen@agrsci.dk www.agrsci.org

(16)

J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: DK-4 Vekselvirkningen

Local name of the experiment Vekselvirkning mellem kalk og superfosfat English name of the experiment Effects of liming and P fertilisation

Country Denmark

County (-ies) Region Syd/Sønderjylland (South Jutland) Name of location (s) Jyndevad Experimentatl Station

54º 54' N, 9º 07' E

Weichselian, melt water sand. Coarse sand, JB1 according to Danish classification system

Start of experiment (year) 1942 (lime)/1944 (P) Expected duration (year) or ND

for not yet decided

width and area)

11.25 m × 8 m = 90 m²

Number of treatment replicates 3 replicates in each field, 3 neighboring fields. A 2-factorial split-plot design within each field. Systematic layout of treatments.

Total number of plots 144 (3 fields × 3 replicates × 4 Lime rates × 4 P-rates). Liming rates are main plot and P-rates are sub-plots.

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) To investigate the effects and interactions of liming and P fertilisation on crop yields and soil properties

Crops

Crop residues Crop rotation Soil Cultivation Other:

Cereal Crops Grass

Systematic recordings (please tick appropriate boxes)

Yield:

Plant analysis:

Soil analysis:

Climate:

By crop rotation By crop rotation By crop rotation Automatic

Jyndevad

(17)

Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Yield was recorded yearly the first decade. At this time the experiment had a crop rotation and 4 fields. In 1964 one field was planted with different threes species and taken out of rotation. From 1985 and onwards the three remaining fields have been cropped with spring barley in monoculture (with a few exceptions where one or more of the fields were used for special investigations

requiring special crops e.g. fallow, winter barley or lupinus). For several decades there are no recordings of yield. Yield recording for one field was initiated again in the mid 1990'es. Soil have beens sampled every 3-5 years since the 1990 and sporadically before that.

Plant:

Soil:

Yes Yes

(max. 1 page)

The experiment is interesting due to

- Well-established gradients in soil pH, which is detectable to almost 1 meters depth,

- Pronounced treatment effects on various soil properties.

It is very extreme, acidity of unlimed plots precents growth of the merging barley plants within the first few weeks.

The experiment is not thorougly described in any publications, but try to look at:

Dorph-Petersen, K. (1953) The effect of liming on the phosphate status of acid soils. Tidsskrift for Planteavl 56:177-221 (in Danish)

Rubæk, G.H., Sinaj, S., Frossard, E., Sibbesen, E. & Borggaard, O.K. (1998) Long-term effects of liming and P fertilisation on P state and P exchange kinetics in an acid, sandy soil. World Congress of Soil Science, Montpellier, France 20-26 August 1998. 7 pages.

Rubæk, G.H. (1999) Soil phosphorus dynamics. Effects of land use, fertilisation and liming. Ph.D. thesis. Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Foulum and The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen

Rubæk, G., Heckrath, G., & Knudsen, L. (2005) Fosfor i dansk landbrugsjord. Grøn Viden nr. 312, September 2005, Danmarks JordbrugsForskning, Ministeriet for Fødevarer, Landbrug og Fiskeri. ISSN 1397-985x. (12 sider).

Rubæk, G.H., Stoholm, P & Sørensen, P. (2006) Availability of P and K in ash from thermal gasification of animal manure. In:

Petersen, SO. (ed.) 12th Ramiran International conference, Technology for recycling of manure and organic residues in a whole-farm perspective. Vol. II. DIAS report no. 123 p. 177-

(18)

Sørnsen, P. & Rubæk, G.H. (2006) Asken skal syrebehandles for at bevare gødningsværdi af P og K . I: Mark. 2006 ; nr. 11, s. 28 Rubæk, G. H., Sørensen, P.& Møller, H.B. 2007. Er fosfor i aske plantetilgængeligt? I: Sammendrag af indlæg fra Plantekongres 2007. s. 320-322

There are several other studies, which has used soils from this experiment, but no records have been made on this.

Senior Scientist Gitte Holton Rubæk, University of Aarhus

Faculty of Agricultural Sciences

Dept. of Agroecology and Environment P.O. Box 50

DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark

Gitte.Rubaek@agrsci.dk www.agrsci.org

The four P-rates are: nill, 16 kg P/ha/yr, 156 kg P/ha at start of the experiment, and 156 kg P/ha at start of the experiment plus 16 kg P/ha/yr.

The four liming rates are: 0, 4 (pH 5.9), 8 (pH 6.7)and 12 t lime/ha (pH 7.2). Last liming was in 1998 and the the next in 2007. The low pH in the unlimed plots cause plant die.

(19)

Local name of the experiment Betydning af pløjetidspunkt i byg dyrket med halmnedmuldning og efterafgrøde

English name of the experiment Interactions between straw incorporation, catch crop growing and time of tillage in spring barley

Country Denmark County (-ies) Region Syd/Sydjylland (South Jutland) Name of location (s) Askov Experimental Station

55° 28' N, 09° 06' E, 63 m above sea level

Alfisol (Typic Hapludalf), 11% clay, 16% silt, 69% sand

for not yet decided

width and area)

8.2 × 5 = 42.5 m² Number of treatment replicates 3

Total number of plots 72 – 3-factorial modified split-strib-plot design.

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Straw incorporation and catch crop growing increase soil organic matter content and the N mineralization capacity of soil. This experiment investigates the interaction between time of tillage (autumn/spring) and incorporation of straw (four rates) and catch crops (with and without clover). The objective is to optimize the synchronization between N mineralization and crop N demand.

Crops

Crop residues Crop rotation Soil Cultivation Other: Catch crops General agricultural practice not

Cereal Crops Grass

Yield: Annually By crop rotation

Systematic recordings (please

Askov

(20)

Plant:

Soil:

Yes Yes

(max. 1 page)

Key references describing the

Thomsen, I.K. (1989). Nedmuldning af stigende mængder halm og efterårsudbringning af gylle til vårbyg. Tidsskrift for

Planteavl 93, 331-336.

Thomsen, I.K. (1993). Turnover of 15N-straw and NH4NO3 in a sandy loam soil: effects of straw disposal and N fertilization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 25, 1561-1566.

Thomsen, I.K. (1995). Catch crop and animal slurry in spring barley grown with straw incorporation. Acta Agriculturæ Scandinavica 45, 166-170.

Thomsen, I.K. & Christensen, B.T. (2004). Yields of wheat and soil carbon and nitrogen contents following long-term

incorporation of barley straw and ryegrass catch crops. Soil Use and Management 20, 432-438.

Thomsen, I.K. & Pedersen, N.P. (2007). Kløver i rajgræsefterafgrøden har en positiv effekt på vårbyg.

Månedsmagasinet MARK maj, p. 25-27.

Senior Scientist Ingrid K. Thomsen University of Aarhus,

Department of Agroecology and Environment PO Box 50

DK-8830 Tjele Denmark

ingrid.thomsen@agrsci.dk www.agrsci.org

Main plots are straw incorporation in rates: 0, 4, 8 or 12 t/ha.

Stribes are ploughing time (autumn or spring).

Sub-plots are residual crop (none, rye grass or grass/clover).

(21)

Local name of the experiment Systemforskning - organisk stofniveau English name of the experiment System research - organic matter level Country Denmark

County (-ies) Region Sydjylland (South Jutland), Midtjylland (Central Jutland) Name of location (s) Jyndevad, Foulum

Jyndevad: 54º 54' N, 9º 08' E Foulum: 56º 30' N, 9º 34' E

Jyndevad: coarse sand, orthic haplohumod, 4.5% clay Foulum: coarse sandy loam, typic hapludult, 8.2% clay

for not yet decided

width and area)

Foulum: 12 × 20 = 240 m² Jyndevad: 24 × 30 = 720 m² Number of treatment replicates 4

Total number of plots 4 × 4 × 4 = 64

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) The objective was to study the long term effects of varying organic matter inputs on crop yields, nutrient cycling and soil functioning for a versatile crop rotation

Crops

Cereal Crops Grass

Yield:

Plant analysis:

Soil analysis:

Annually Annually Annually

By crop rotation By crop rotation By crop rotation Systematic recordings (please

Jyndevad Foulum

(22)

A four coarse crop rotation was used at both sites. All four crops were present every year and the organic matter treatments (in four blocks) were nested within each crop rotation.

The crop rotation at Jyndevad was 1. potatoes

2. winter rye with catch crop

3. spring barley with catch crop from 1988 to 1992, changed to spring oats with catch crop from 1993

4. Spring barley with catch crop The crop rotation at Foulum was 1. Spring barley with catch crop 2. Spring barley with catch crop

3. Spring oilseed rape or peas (alternating) 4. Winter wheat with catch crop

Four different organic matter treatments were nested in a randomised block design within each of the four crops.

The organic matter treatments at Foulum were:

1. No organic matter input, straw removed, mineral fertiliser 2. Manure (pig slurry), straw removed

3. Manure (pig slurry), straw incorporated

4. Manure (pig slurry), straw incorporated, catch crops The organic matter treatments at Jyndevad in the period until 2000 were:

1. No organic matter input, straw removed, mineral fertiliser 2/3. Straw incorporated, catch crop, mineral fertiliser

4. Straw incorporated, catch crop, manure (pig slurry) The organic matter treatments at Jyndevad in the period from 2001 were:

1. No organic matter input, straw removed, mineral fertiliser 2. Straw incorporated, mineral fertiliser

3. Straw incorporated, catch crop, mineral fertiliser 4. Straw incorporated, catch crop, manure (pig slurry) The catch crops were either ryegrass, or a mixture of grasses, legumes and crucifers.

Mikkelsen, G. (1998) Mixed farming, consequence for soil fertility. In van Keulen, H., Lantinga, E.A. & van Laar, H.H.

(eds). Mixed farming systems in Europe. Workshop Proceedings Dronten, Netherlands, 25-28 May 1998. APMinderhoudhoeve nr. 2., p. 147-150.

(23)

Thomsen, I.K. & Sørensen, P. (2006) Tillage-induced N mineralization and N uptake in winter wheat on a coarse sandy loam. Soil & Tillage Research 89, 58-69.

Research professor, Jørgen E. Olesen University of Aarhus

Faculty of Agricultural Sciences

Deptartment of Agroecology and Environment P.O. Box 50

DK-8830 Tjele Denmark.

JorgenE.Olesen@agrsci.dk www.agrsci.dk

(24)

Local name of the experiment Elefantgræs Hornum English name of the experiment Miscanthus Hornum

Country Denmark County (-ies) Region Nord/Himmerland (North Jutland) Name of location (s) The formerly Hornum Experimental Station Latitude, longitude and altitude

for each location

56º 50' N, 09º 26' E

Soil type(s) * (soil class and/or verbal description, e.g. texture and/or geological origin for each location)

Typic Haplumbrept, coarse loamy, mixed, mesic (USDA).

Hornum

5, 8, 48 and 36% Clay, silt, fine sand and coarse sand, respectively.

for not yet decided

width and area)

App. 22 × 6 m = 132 m² Number of treatment replicates 3 - 1-factorial design.

Total number of plots 18

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) The experiment was initiated with the objective of investigating effects of planting distance, nitrogen fertilisation and

establishment practice. The fertilisation treatment is no longer applied and the fields are not harvested. Current objective is to analyse long term effects on soil carbon, crop longevity and nitrate leaching after crop removal, if funding will be available.

Crops

Crop residues Crop rotation Soil Cultivation Other: Row distance General agricultural practice not

Cereal Crops Grass

Yield:

Plant analysis:

Soil analysis:

Climate:

Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): Yield and climate was recorded annually until app. 2000

(25)

Plant:

Soil:

Yes No

Hansen E.M., Christensen B.T., Jensen L.S. & Keistensen K.

(2004) Carbon sequestration in soil beneath long-term Miscanthus plantations as determined by 13C abundance.

Biomass and Bioenergy. 26, 97-105.

Jørgensen, U. (1997) Miscanthus yields in Denmark.

Proceedings of the 9th European Bioenergy Conference

(Chartier, P., Ferrero, G.L., Henius, U.M., Hultber, S., Sachau, J.

& Wiinblad, M. eds.) 48-53 Examples of references to

studies that have drawn on material or data from the experiment or have been embedded in the experiment

Senior Scientist Uffe Jørgensen University of Aarhus,

Department of Agroecology and Environment PO Box 50

DK-8830 Tjele Denmark

uffe.jorgensen@agrsci.dk www.agrsci.org

(26)

Local name of the experiment Udpiningsmarken

English name of the experiment Long-term Nutrient Depletion Trial Country Denmark

County (-ies) København

Name of location (s) Taastrup Latitude, longitude and altitude

for each location*

55º 40' N, 12° 17' E

Sandy clay loam.

Clay 15%, Silt 18%, Sand 65%; Total C=1.15%; Total N=0.13%, C/N=9, soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2)=5.6; Cation Exchange Capacity, CEC=8.4 cmolc./kg soil at pH 7.

for not yet decided

width and area)

18 × 100 m = 1800 m² Number of treatment replicates 4

Total number of plots 28

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) The overall objectives of the experiment is to study how soil biology, physics and chemistry as well as crop performance behaves when an arable soil depleted in P and K applications for 30 years, receives N, P and/or K applications in fertilizer or animal manure. Specific objectives are:

1) soil ability to supply crops with N, P and K,

2) crop uptake of N, P and K and physiological response and yield for different crop species and cultivars,

3) losses of N, P and K to the environment.

Crops

Cereal Crops Grass

Tåstrup

(27)

Yield:

Plant analysis:

Soil analysis:

Climate:

Plant:

Soil:

Yes Yes

(max. 1 page)

From 1964 to 1995, the field received N in fertilizer, both no P or K and was cultivated mainly with cereals. In 1996 a new experimental design was applied in part of the field, with two more varied crop rotations and seven (A-G) nutrient application treatments:

Nutrient applications, in kg/ha/year and type

Treat N P K S Type

A 0 0 0 0

B 60 0 60 25 Fertilizer

C 60 10 0 25 Fertilizer

D 60 10 60 25 Fertilizer E 120 20 120 50 Fertilizer

F 75 10 75 Animal slurry (60 NH4-N) G 150 20 150 Animal slurry (120 NH4-N) Key references describing the

Gahoonia, T. S. & Nielsen, N. E. (2004) Barley genotypes with long root hairs sustain high grain yields in low-P field. Plant and Soil 262, 55-62.

Professor Lars Stoumann Jensen, Plant and Soil Science group, Dept. of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40,

1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark

lsj@life.ku.dk www.ijv.life.ku.dk Supplementary information

(optional)

(28)

J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: EE-1

Local name of the experiment Die Internationale Organische Stickstoff Dauerdüngungs Versuchsreihe (IOSDV)

English name of the experiment International Organic - Nitrogen - Long - Term - Experiment Country Estonia

County (-ies) Tartu

Name of location (s) Eerika Latitude, longitude and altitude

for each location

58˚ 22' N, 26˚ 40' E, 55 m above sea level

Eerika

Fragi-Stagnic Albeluvisol (WRB), sandy loam

for not yet decided

width and area)

5 × 10 = 50 m² Number of treatment replicates 3

Total number of plots 3 × 45 = 135

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) The effect and co-effect of different organic fertilisers and different rates of mineral nitrogen fertiliser on field crops and environment in long term field experiment.

Mineral fertilisers Crops

Animal manures Crop residues Sewage sludge Crop rotation

Compost Soil Cultivation

Lime Other: Cereal straw

Cereal Crops Monoculture

Grass Crop rotation

Other:

Grass/Clover N-fixing crops Yield:

Plant analysis:

Soil analysis:

Climate:

Plant:

Soil:

Yes No

The same experiment (IOSDV) design is applied in 22

experimental stations in EU states, which we have cooperation (net-work). The homepage is http://www.igzev.de/IOSDV/

(29)

A key reference describing the layout, history and other basic results of the experiment

Kuldkepp, P., Liiva, I. & Teesalu, T. (1995) Zum Einfluss organischer Düngung, verschiedener Stickstoff-düngungsstuffen und Witterungfaktoren auf den Ertrag von Kartoffel,

Sommerweizen und Sommergerste. Mitteilungen der

Internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Bodenfruchtbarkeit der IBG.- Tartu, p. 28-39.

Limberg, P., Kuldkepp, P. & Teesalu, T. (1995) Die Klima- und Witterungsfaktoren im Vergleich von Berlin und Tartu/Estland und deren Wirkung ouf Entwicklung und Ertragsbildung von Weizen. Mitteilungen der Internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Bodenfruchtbarkeit der IBG.- Tartu, p. 40-51.

Kuldkepp, P., Murdam, L. & Suitso, A. (1995) Zum Einflub der organischen und Sticstoffdünger in der IOSDV-Fruchtfolge (Tartu) auf die biologische Aktivität der Fahlerde. Mitteilungen der Internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Bodenfruchtbarkeit der IBG.- Tartu, p. 59-67.

Kuldkepp, P. (1997) Wirkung und Wechselwirkung

unterschielicher mineralischer und organischer N-Düngung auf Ertrag und Bodeneigenschaften im IOSDV Tartu (Estland) nach 6 Jahren. Arch. Acker-Pfl.Boden. 42, 21-32.

Erekul, O., Ellmer, F., Köhn, W., Kuldkepp, P. & Teesalu, T.

(1999) Einfluss der organischen und mineralischen Stickstoffdüngung auf Ertrag und Brauqualität von

Sommergerste.- Standortverglaich Berlin (Deutschland) - Tartu (Estland). Arch. Acker- Pfl. Boden. 44, 579-596.

Raave, H., Kuldkepp, P., Leedu, E. & Merivee, A. (2004)

Recultivation substance and composts produced from semi-coke:

The effect on soil characteristics, the yield of field crops and the environment. Oil Shale, 21, 59-73.

Szajdak, L., Kuldkepp, P., Leedu, E., Teesalu, T., Toomsoo, A.

& Kõlli, R. (2006) Effect of different management on biochemical properties of organic matter in Fragi-Stagnic Albeluvisols. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 52, 127- 137.

Teesalu, T., Kuldkepp, P., Toomsoo, A. & Laidvee, T. (2006) Content of organic carbon and total nitrogen in Stagnic

Albeluvisols depending on fertilization. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Sciennce 52, 193-200.

(30)

Prof. emeritus Paul Kuldkepp, University of Life Science,

Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Soil Science and Agrochemistry Kreutzwaldi 64

Tartu 51014

Paul.Kuldkepp@emu.ee Supplementary information

(optional)

(31)

J. Petersen, L. Mattsson, H. Riley, T. Salo, G. Thorvaldsson & B.T. Christensen Catalogue: FI-1

Local name of the experiment Kotkanojan huuhtoutumiskenttä English name of the experiment Kotkanoja leaching field

Country Finland

County (-ies)

Name of location (s) Jokioinen Latitude, longitude and altitude

for each location

60º 49' N, 23º 30' E, 85 m above sea level

Silty or heavy clay in the plough layer, heavy clay in the subsoil, Vertic Cambisol (FAO) and a very fine Typic Cryaquept

(USDA) Start of experiment (year) 1980 Expected duration (year) or ND

for not yet decided

width and area)

According to the surface runoff collection: 33 × 140 = 4620 m² Number of treatment replicates 2

Total number of plots 4 plots for surface runoff collection

Each runoff plot was divided into 4 subplots (33 × 33 m) for collection drainage in the start of the experimental period.

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Measurement of drainage and surface runoff from different management practises

Jokioinen

Crops

Cereal Crops Grass

Yield:

Plant analysis:

Soil analysis:

Climate:

Annually By crop rotation Annually By crop rotation Annually By crop rotation Manual Automatic

(32)

Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): automatic sampling of drainage and surface runoff volume, nutrient

concentrations of runoff water is sampled according to the runoff volume

Plant:

Soil:

Yes Yes

(max. 1 page)

Turtola, E. (1999) Phosphorus in surface runoff and drainage water affected by cultivation practices [Diss., University of Helsinki]. 108 p . Diss.: University of Helsinki, 1999.

Knisel, W.G. & Turtola, E. (2000) Gleams model application on a heavy clay soil in Finland. Agricultural water management 43, 285-309.

Salo, T. & Turtola, E. (2006) Nitrogen balance as an indicator of nitrogen leaching in Finland. Agriculture, ecosystems &

environment 113, 98-107.

Dr. Eila Turtola,

MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant production research,

E-house,

SF-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.

eila.turtola@mtt.fi www.mtt.fi Supplementary information

(optional)

Code in field plan Treatment and year of establishment

A1-A4 grassland 1980

cereals 1984

bare fallow 1987

cereals+ploughing 1990

A5-A8 cereals 1980

bare fallow 1987

reduced tillage 1993

A9-A12 grassland 1980

cereals 1983

green fallow 1987

A13-A16 cereals 1980 green fallow 1987

reduced tillage 1993

Comments:

This experiment was established in 1980 and a similar experiment was established in 1992 at Toholampi (see catalogue number FI-2).

(33)

Local name of the experiment Toholammin huuhtoututumiskenttä English name of the experiment Toholampi leaching field

Country Finland

County (-ies)

Name of location (s) Toholampi Latitude, longitude and altitude

for each location

63º 49' N, 24º 09' E, 83 m above sea level

Fine sand in the plough layer and in the subsoil, Gleyic Podzol (FAO) and Aquic Haplocryod (USDA)

for not yet decided

width and area)

16 × 100 = 1600 m² Number of treatment replicates 4

Total number of plots 16 plots for surface and drainage runoff collection.

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) Measurement of drainage and surface runoff from different management practises

Crops

Cereal Crops Grass

Yield:

Plant analysis:

Soil analysis:

Climate:

Toholampi

(34)

Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): automatic sampling of drainage and surface runoff volume, nutrient concentrations of runoff water are sampled according to the runoff volume

Plant:

Soil:

Yes Yes

(max. 1 page)

Turtola, E. 1999. Phosphorus in surface runoff and drainage water affected by cultivation practices [Diss., University of Helsinki]. 108 p . Diss.: University of Helsinki, 1999.

Turtola, E. & Kemppainen, E. (1998) Nitrogen and phosphorus losses in surface runoff and drainage water after application of slurry and mineral fertilizer to perennial grass ley. Agricultural and food science in Finland 7, 569-581.

Salo, T. & Turtola, E. (2006) Nitrogen balance as an indicator of nitrogen leaching in Finland. Agriculture, ecosystems &

environment 113, 98-107.

Syväsalo, E., Regina, K., Turtola, E., Lemola, R. & Esala, M.

(2006) Fluxes of nitrous oxide and methane, and nitrogen leaching from organically and conventionally cultivated sandy soil in western Finland. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment 113, 342-348.

Dr. Eila Turtola,

E-house,

SF-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.

eila.turtola@mtt.fi www.mtt.fi Supplementary information

(optional)

During 1992-96 the four treatments was: unfertilized (A1) and slurry + NPK (A2-A4), during 1997-2000 N-fixation (A1), N- fixation + cow manure (A2), manure + NPK (A3) and N-fixation + fur manure (A4), and from 2001 slurry + N-fixation (A1-A2), slurry + NPK (A3) and NPK (A4).

Comments:

This experiment was established in 1992 and thus not qualified as a long-term experiment, but included as the design more or less match to catalogue number FI-1.

(35)

Local name of the experiment Lintupajun suojakaistakenttä English name of the experiment Lintupaju buffer zone field Country Finland

County (-ies)

Name of location (s) Jokioinen Latitude, longitude and altitude

for each location

60º 48' N, 23º 28' E

Clay soil in plough layer, (very) fine, mixed Typic

Cryaquepts/Vertic Cambisol with a clay content of over 50%

(Soil Survey Staff, 1996) Start of experiment (year) 1989 (buffer strips in 1991) Expected duration (year) or ND

for not yet decided

width and area)

Total plot: 18 × 70 = 1260 m², cultivated plot 18m × 60m and buffer strip 18m × 10m

Number of treatment replicates 2 Total number of plots 6

Overall objective(s) (2-5 lines) The effect of buffer strips on nutrients in surface runoff. Plot management has included cereals (1991-2002), grazing of the field and two NBZ areas (2003-2005) and direct sowing since 2006.

Crops

Crop residues Crop rotation Soil Cultivation Other: buffer zones General agricultural practice not

Cereal Crops Grass

Monoculture Crop rotation

Other: conventional/direct sowing

Yield:

Plant analysis:

Soil analysis:

Climate:

Jokioinen

(36)

Other or different sampling intervals (2-5 lines): automatic sampling of surface runoff volume, nutrient concentrations of runoff water are sampled according to the runoff volume Sample archive (please tick

appropriate boxes)

Plant:

Soil:

Yes Yes

(max. 1 page)

Uusi-Kämppä, J. & Yläranta, T. (1996) Effect of buffer strip on controlling erosion and nutrient losses in Southern Finland. In:

Mulamoottil, G., Warner, B.G. & McBean, E.A. (Eds.).

Wetlands: environmental gradients, boundaries and buffers.

Boca Raton: CRC Press/Lewis Publishers. p. 221-235.

Uusi-Kämppä, J. (2005) Phosphorus purification in buffer zones in cold climates. In: U.Mander, V. Kuusemets and Y.Hayakawa (eds.). Riparian buffer zones in agricultural watersheds.

Ecological Engineering 24, 491-502.

Pietola, L., Rasa, K., Räty, M., Uusi-Kämppä, J., Yli-Halla, M., Horn, R. & Tippkötter, R. (2006) Management-induced changes of soil physical properties in vegetated buffer zones. In: Eds.

Rainer Horn, Heiner Fleige, Stephan Peth and Xinhau Peng. Soil Management for Sustainability. Advances in geoecology 38, 301-307.

Uusi-Kämppä, J. (2006) Nutrient retention of vegetated buffer strips on a cropped field and a pasture. In: Toomas Tamm and Liisa Pietola (eds.). NJF seminar 373 : transport and retention of pollutants from different production systems, Tartu, Estonia, 11- 14 June 2006. NJF Report 2, 135-139.

http://composit.dimea.se/filebank/files/20060621$193602$fil$3E 0m9 8LDFtlY2BcQ1ePp.pdf

Uusi-Kämppä, J. (2006) Vegetated buffer zones for agricultural non-point source pollution control. In: Eds. Rainer Horn, Heiner Fleige, Stephan Peth and Xinhau Peng. Soil Management for Sustainability. Advances in geoecology 38, 337-343.

Uusi-Kämppä, J., Braskerud, B., Jansson, H., Syversen, N. &

Uusitalo, R. (2000) Buffer zones and constructed wetlands as filters for agricultural phosphorus. Journal of environmental quality 29, 151-158.

Over 20 references in English and over 30 in Finnish Title, name, full address, www

and e-mail of the holder of the experiment and/or contact person

Jaana Uusi-Kämppä,

E-house,

SF-31600 Jokioinen,

(37)

Finland.

jaana.uusi-kamppa@mtt.fi www.mtt.fi

The field area (60 m × 18 m) and the treatments are 1) 10-m wide annually cut grass buffer zones (GBZ) sown with timothy and meadow fescue; 2) 10 m-wide uncut vegetated buffer zones (VBZ) growing Finnish scrubs and wild flowers; 3) no vegetated buffer strips (NBZ) the whole plot area, 70 m × 18 m, is

cultivated without a buffer zone. The buffer zones (10 m × 18 m) were established in 1991.