5. METHODS
5.6 Data collection and outcome measures
5.6.9 Semi‐structured interviews
Semi‐structured interviews (Kvale 2007; Kvale and Brinkmann 2009; Tanggaard and Brinkmann 2010) were carried out in the qualitative Study II in order to capture the participants’ perspectives and priorities of their experiences of difficulties in swallowing and eating following ABI .
A semi‐structured interview attempts to understand themes of the lived everyday world from the subjects’ own perspective. It comes close to an everyday conversation, but as a professional interview it has a purpose and involves a specific approach and technique; it is semi‐structured – it is neither an open everyday conversation nor a closed questionnaire (Kvale 2007; Kvale and
Brinkmann 2009). The semi‐structured interview was chosen because the pre‐defined research questions guided the interview, and the semi‐structured open interview questions also made it possible to depart from them and at the same time open to the participants’ own reflections and perspectives.
Kvale’s and Brinkmann’s (Kvale 2007; Kvale and Brinkmann 2009) seven stages (thematizing, designing, interviewing, transcribing, analyzing, verifying and report) of an interview inquiry was used for systematic planning of Study II. The key questions when planning an interview investiga‐
tion concern the why (clarifying the purpose of the study), the what (obtaining pre‐knowledge of the subject matter to be investigated) and the how of the interview (becoming familiar with dif‐
ferent techniques of interviewing and analyzing, and deciding, which to apply in order to obtain the intended knowledge (Kvale 2007; Kvale and Brinkmann 2009). The thematization of “the what” requires preliminary and detailed literature studies (Tanggaard and Brinkmann 2010). In Study II the stage of thematizing consisted of both a detailed literature search and my pre‐
understanding. As hermeneutics (Gadamer 2004) has demonstrated it is only possible to under‐
stand the world through a pre‐understanding (Tanggaard and Brinkmann 2010) and familiarity with the content of an investigation is not only obtained through literature and theoretical studies (Kvale and Brinkmann 2009). In Study II, many years of experience as a clinician, treating patients with difficulties in swallowing and eating provided me, as the interviewer, with extensive knowl‐
edge and pre‐understanding of the local language, the daily routines, and the power structures during neurorehabilitation.
The literature search showed that in the past two decades, noteworthy advances have been made in measuring the physiologic outcomes of dysphagia, including measurement of duration of structure and bolus movements, stasis, and penetration–aspiration. However, there was a paucity of data on health outcomes from the patients’ perspective, such as quality of life and patient satis‐
faction. In a study of McHorney et al (McHorney and others 2000) they found that a patient‐
based, dysphagia specific outcomes tool was needed to enhance information on treatment varia‐
tions and treatment effectiveness. The conceptual foundation and the item generation process for the SWAL‐QOL and SWAL‐CARE were obtained by qualitative data on dysphagia quality‐of‐life and quality‐of‐care health outcomes from dysphagic patients and their caregivers participating in focus groups. Using the focus group data, they wrote a large number of questionnaire items and constructed a standardized, disease‐specific questionnaire (the SWAL‐QOL) that measures dys‐
phagia patients’ experiences of health outcomes).
Preparation for interview
Two months before the interview, as preparation for the interview, the participants received an information letter with the informed consent form and a questionnaire. The questionnaire was used as preparation to help the participants to focus on their difficulties in swallowing and eating (and not the whole process of rehabilitation) during the interview. The questionnaire was a Dan‐
ish translation and modification of the SWAL‐QOL (McHorney and others 2000) and the SWAL‐
CARE (McHorney and others 2002) (Appendix 3). The two patient‐centred outcome tools were developed by well‐known researchers within dysphagia e.g. McHorney A.C., Rosenbek J.C., Rob‐
bins J, Logemann J.A. for dysphagia researchers and clinicians. The questionnaire was used as preparation for the interview and as inspiration for themes in the semi‐structured interview guide (Appendix 4), but it was also stressed that the coming interview should focus on the reflections and perspectives of the participant. The modification process of the questionnaire was supervised by a senior researcher, and the questionnaire was translated by a professional. However, the Dan‐
ish version of the questionnaire (Appendix 3) is not back‐translated and validated.
The interview guide
The semi‐structured interviews were conducted according to an interview guide (Appendix 4). The semi‐structured interview guide was inspired by topics from the SWAL‐QOL and SWAL‐CARE (McHorney and others 2002) (Table 4 on the following page) with suggested questions, but not constructed as a questionnaire with closed questions. The semi‐structured interview guide was developed with brief and simple types of interview questions that intended to open the reflec‐
tions and perspectives of the participant.
Table 4: Domains in the semi‐structured interview guide Introduction
PART I. Questions concerning experienced quality of life in relation to swallowing difficulties
1. General questions in relation to eating and drinking 2. The meaning of food and liquid before the injury
3. The meaning of food and liquid at the time of interview and right after the injury
4. Do you experience any physical difficulties today, which may influence eating and drinking? How was it right after the injury?
5. Do you experience worries today and do they influence your mood in relation to eating and drinking?
How was it right after the injury?
6. Your social life (meals with the family, work, leisure activities, parties, vacations, etc.) – how is it today?
How was it right after the injury?
7. Your experiences of getting food and drink via feeding tube
PART II. Questions concerning the quality of swallowing guidance and treatment
1. Your experience during inpatient neurorehabilitation 2. Your experience after discharge
Closing interview (debriefing)
The process of interviews
The interviews included both introductory, follow‐up, probing, specifying, direct, indirect, struc‐
turing, silence and interpreting questions (Kvale 2007; Kvale and Brinkmann 2009) to get as rich descriptions of the participants’ subjective experiences as possible. The interviews were designed to gather rich descriptions of the participants’ actual, lived experiences and management of their eating and drinking difficulties to capture the participants’ present and previous experiences and management of swallowing and eating difficulties. Through open questions the interviews fo‐
cused on the topic of research and it was then up to the participants to bring forth their reflec‐
tions and the perspectives they found important by the themes of inquiry. My concern as the in‐
terviewer was to lead the participant to reflect and to express his/her own perspectives towards certain themes, but not to specific opinions about these themes (Kvale 2007).
In Study II, the aim was to explore the participants’ subjective perspective on their lived ex‐
periences concerning quality of life and quality of guiding and treatment in relation to difficulties in swallowing and eating in the everyday situations and spheres of life in the various contexts (Borg 2002) (During inpatient neurorehabilitation and after discharge) and the participants’ dif‐
ferent illness phases following ABI (Kirkevold 2002). Therefore, four participants were interviewed once in their own homes from nine to 18 months after the injury, in the semi‐stable phase after onset of ABI, where they were beginning to realise that life would not return to what it was be‐
fore (Kirkevold 2002). The last two participants were interviewed twice, and got the same ques‐
tions twice, in the continued rehabilitation phase after onset of ABI, which is a phase of constant change, although as time passes, changes occur more slowly and gradually (Kirkevold 2002). The interviews took place in their rooms in the ward (two months after injury) and about one month after discharge in their own home/room at a nursing home (four months after injury).
The interviews, which lasted between 30‐60 minutes, were tape‐recorded and fully tran‐
scribed verbatim. The transcribed data were then de‐identified and fictive names were created for each participant to maintain and respect their confidentiality. Reflective notes (Creswell JW 2009) were taken after the interview to enhance the understanding of the participants’ described lived experiences during the analysis of the interviews. The reflective notes and the results from the Danish translated and modified SWAL‐QOL and SWAL‐CARE questionnaire were not further analysed.