• Ingen resultater fundet

Part 6: Conclusion

6.4 Limitations

In order to keep the thesis as focused and narrow as possible in order to conduct an interesting in-depth analysis some limitations had to be made. The literature review has throughout argued for the use of certain theories or elements, there is however themes that are omitted. One of these is the discussion of motivational factors for actors to engage with networks. It is assumed that participation in these digital networks is self-motivating either based on a common cause or as a part of self-validation, however there is a wide array of intrinsic and extrinsic potentially relevant values that influences the motivation of actors to interact.

The research was conducted based on data manually collected from Twitter. This process voided the data of some complexity and thereby the opportunity for further potentially interesting findings such as conducting a network analysis in order to identify key nodes in the network based on re-tweeted and liked tweets.

The netnographic study also has the limitation that results are difficult to generalize as findings are based on actions and interactions in a specific context. The studied movements are therefore potentially also influenced by interactions taking place at other platforms, but due to limited resources this was not studied.

81

References

 Ardichvili, A., Page, V. & Wentling, T. (2003). Motivations and barriers to participation in virtual knowledge-sharing communities of practice. Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 7 Iss 1 pp. 64-77

 Alavi, M. & Tiwana, A. (2002). Knowledge Integration in Virtual Teams: The Potential Role of KMS. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 53(12):

1029-1037.

 Alsa.org (2016a). What is ALS?. http://www.alsa.org/about-als/what-is-als.html visited 10.2.2016

 Alsa.org (2016b). ALS Association. http://www.alsa.org/ visited 10.02.16

 Alsa.org (2016c). Putting your dollars to work. http://www.alsa.org/fight-als/ibc-progress.html visited 12.04.16

 Altman, A. (2016). Person Of The Year The Short List No. 4 Black Lives Matter.

 Andersen, L. B., Hansen, K. M. & Klemmensen, R. (2012). Metoder i statskundskab. Hans Reitzels Forlag, 2. Version 3. Edition

 Aspers, P. (2006). Contextual Knowledge. International Sociological Association. Current Sociology Vol 54(5): 745-763. SAGE.

 Bisgin, H., Agarwal, N. & Xu, X. (2012). A study of homophily on social media. World Wide Web, Vol. 15, Issue 2, March 2012, p. 213-232

 Bennett, L. and Segerberg, A. (2012). The logic of connective action. Information, Communication and Society, Vol. 15, Issue 5, pp. 739-768

 Brass, D.J., Galaskiewicz, J., Greve, H.R. & Tsai, W. (2004). Taking Stock of Networks and Organizations: A Multilevel Perspective. The Academy of Management Journal. Vol. 47, No.

6, pp. 795-817

 Briggs, A. & Burke, P. (2010). Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet. Cambridge : Polity Press

 Brown, J., Broderick, A. J. & Lee, N. (2007). Word of Mouth Communication Within Online Communities: Conceptualizing the Online Social Network. Journal of Interactive Marketing Vol. 21, No. 3. Wiley InterScience.

 Bryman, A. & Bell, E (2007). Business Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press

 Castells, M. (2000). Materials for an exploratory theory of the network society. The British journal of sociology, 51(1), 5-24.

 Castells, M. (2007). Communication, Power and Counter-power in the Network Society. International Journal of Communication 1, 238-266. Annenberg School for Communication.

University of Southern California.

 Chadwick, A. (2007) Digital Repertoires and Organizational Hybridity. Political Communication, 24:283-301. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

 Chiu, C., Hsu, M. & Wang, E. T.G. (2006). Understanding knowledge sharing in virtual communities: An integration of social capital and social cognitive theories. Decision Supper Systems Vol. 42 pp. 1872-1888

 Choi, J. H. & Scott, J. E. (2013). Electronic Word of Mouth and Knowledge Sharing on Social Network Sites: A Social Capital Perspective. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research. Vol. 8 Iss 1 pp. 69-82

82

 Cobb, J. (2016). The Matter of Black Lives. The New Yorker.

http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/14/where-is-black-lives-matter-headed visited 12.04.16

 Couldry, N. (2008). Actor network theory and media: do they connect and on what terms?

In: Hepp, A., Krotz, F., Moores, S. & Winter, C. (eds.), Connectivity, networks and flows conceptualizing contemporary communications. Cresskill, NJ, USA: Hampton Press, Inc., 2008, pp. 93-110.

 Cristancho, C. & Anduiza, E. (2013) Connective Action in European Mass Protest. Social Media and Political Participation, La Pietra Dialogues, NYU.

 Dahlberg, L. (2007). Rethinking the fragmentation of the cyberpublic: from consensus to contestation. SAGE Publications. Vol. 9(5), 827-847

 Day, E. (2015). #BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/19/blacklivesmatter-birth-civil-rights-movement visited 13.04.16

 Fenton, N. (2008). Mediating solidarity. Global media and Communication, 4.1, 37-57

 Fournier, S. & Lee, L. (2009). Getting Brand Communities Right. Harvard Business Review April 2009.

 Freelon, D., Mcilwain, C. D. & Clark, M. D. (2016). Beyond the hashtags #Ferguson,

#BlackLivesMatter, and the online struggle for offline justice. Center for Media & Social Impact. School of Communication American University

 Gladwell, M. (2010). Small change: Why the revolution will not be tweeted. The New Yorker, October 4.

 Granovetter, M. (1983). The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited. Sociological Theory, Vol. 1, pp. 201-233

 Grinberg, E. (2014). Why #YesAllWomen took off on Twitter. CNN iReport,

http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/27/living/california-killer-hashtag-yesallwomen/ visited 13.02.16

 Haefliger, S., Monteiro, E., Foray, D. & von Krogh, G. (2011). Social Software and Strategy. Long Range Planning 44, 297-316. Elsevier Ltd.

 Hardwick, J., Anderson, A. R. & Cruickshank, D. (2013). Trust formation processes in innovative collaborations. European Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 16 Iss pp. 4-21

 Hashtracking (2016). #yesallwomen.

https://www.hashtracking.com/reports/chlj/yesallwomen/HTReport visited 14.04.16

 Haythornthwaite, C. (2002). Strong, Weak, and Latent Ties and the impact of New Media.

The Information Society, 18:5, 385-401

 HeForShe.org (2016). HeForShe. http://www.heforshe.org/en visited 12.04.16

 Hwang, E. H., Singh, P. V. & Argote, L. (2012). Knowledge Sharing in Online Communities:

Learning to Cross Geographic and Hierarchical Boundaries. Organization Science, Forthcoming

 Jin, J., Li, Y., Zhong, X. & Zhai, L. (2015). Why users contribute knowledge to online communities. Information and Management, Vol. 52, Iss 7, November 2015, pp. 840-849

83

 Kaplan A. M. & Haenlein, M. (2009). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and

opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, Vol. 53, 59-58. Kelley School of Business, Indiana University.

 Kozniets, R.V. (2002). The Field Behind the Screen: Using Netnography for Marketing Research in Online Communities. Journal of Marketing Research: February 2002, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 61-72

 Kozniets, R.V., de Valck, K., Wojnicke, A.C & Wilner, S.J.S. (2010). Networked Narratives:

Understanding Word-of-mouth Marketing in Online Communities. Journal of Marketing:

March 2012, Vol. 74, Np. 2, pp. 71-89

 Langer, R. & Beckman, S.C. (2005). Sensitive research topics: netnography revisited. Qualitative Market Research, Vol. 8, No. 2, 189-203

 Latour, B. (2010). Networks Societies, Spheres: Reflections of an Actor-network Theorist. Keynote speech for the “International seminar in network theory: network

multidimensionality in the digital age”. 19th of February 2012. Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism. Los Angeles.

 Law, J (1992). Notes on the Theory of the Actor-Network: Ordering, Strategy and Heterogeneity. Systems Practice, 5 (1992), 379-93

 Lee, M.R. & Lan, Y. (2007). From Web 2.0 to Conversational Knowledge Management:

Towards Collaborative Intelligence. Journal of Entrepreneurship Reearch, Jun 2007, Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 47-62

 Leskovec, J., Adamic, L.A. & Huberman, B.A. (2007). The dynamics of viral marketing. ACM Transactions of the Web, Vol. 1, issue 1, May 2007

 Lewis, S., Pea, R. & Rosen, J. (2010). Beyond participation to co-creation of meaning:

mobile social media in generative learning communities. Social Science Information, Vol.

49(3): 351-369. SAGE Publications

 Lim, M. (2013). Framing Bouazizi: ‘White lies’, hybrid network, and collective/connective action in the 2010-11 Tunisian uprising. Journalism 14, 921-941.

 Luo, N., Zhang, M. & Liu, W (2015). The effects of value-co-creation practices on building harmonious brand community and achieving brand loyalty on social media in China. Computers in Human Behavior Vol. 48 pp. 492-499

 Miller, R. & Lammas, N. (2010). Social media and its implications for viral marketing. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, Vol. 11

 Moses, J. W. & Knutsen, T. L. (2012). Ways Of Knowing: Competing Methodologies in Social and Political Research. Second edition. Palgrave Macmillan, Macmillan Publishers Limited

 Nonaka, I. (1994). A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation. Organization Science Vol. 5, No. 1, February 1994

 Nonaka, I., Toyama, R. & Konno, N. (2000). SECI, Ba and Leadership: a Unified Model of Dynamic Knowledge Creation. Long Range Planning Vol. 33: 5-34. Elsevier Science Ltd.

 Olesen, F. & Kroustrup, J. (2007). ANT – Beskrivelsen af heterogene aktør-netværk. Introduktion Til STS, 2007, p. 63-91

 Olson, M. (1965). The Logic Of Collective Action – Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Harvard University Press

84

 Ostrom, E. (1999). Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms. Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis. W99-20.

 Pachal, P. (2014). How the #YesAllWomen Hashtag Began.

http://mashable.com/2014/05/26/yesallwomen-hashtag/#03zJepuFdkqC visited 13.02.16

 Paroutis, S. & Saleh, A. A. (2009). Determinants of knowledge sharing using Web 2.0 technologies. Journal of Knowledge Management Vol. 13 Iss 4, pp. 52-63

 Piller, F., Vossen, A. & Ihl, C. (2012). From Social Media to Social Product Development:

The Impact of Social Media on Co-Creation of Innovation. Die Unternehmung, Vol. 65, No.

1

 Pedersen, S. T., Razmerita, L. & Colleoni, E. (2014). Eletronic Word-of-Mouth

communication and consumer behavior: an exploratory study of Danish social media communication influence. LSP Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1.

 Ponte, D. & Simon, J. (2011). Scholarly Communication 20: Exploring Researchers’

Opinions on Web 2.0 for Scientific Knowledge Creation, Evaluation and Dissemination. Serials Review, 73:3, 149-156

 Razmerita, L., Kirchner, K. & Nabeth, T. (2014). Social Media in Organizations: Leveraging Personal and Collective Knowledge Processes. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 24:1, 74-93

 Ridley, L. (2014). Ice Bucket Challenge In Numbers: Will It Become The Most Popular Viral Charity Campaign Ever?. The Huffingtin Post.

http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/08/27/ice-bucket-challenge-als-most-popular-icebucketchallenge_n_5722394.html visited 12.04.16

 Rt.com (2014). #IceBucketChallenge leaves Scottish island without water, highlighting worldwide scarcity problem. https://www.rt.com/news/183236-ice-bucket-als-water-scarcity/ visited 12.04.16

 Sandlin, J.A. (2007). Netnography as a consumer education research tool. International Journal of Consumer Studies 31, 288-294. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

 Schneckenberg, D. (2009). Web 2.0 and the empowerment of the knowledge worker. Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 13 Iss 6 pp. 509-520

 Segerberg, A. & Bennett W.L. (2011). Social Media and the Organization of Collective Action: Using Twitter to Explore the Ecologies of Two Climate Change Protests. The Communication Review, 14:3, 197-215

 Seraj, M. (2012). We Create, We Connect, We Respect, Therefore We Are: Intellectual, Social, and Cultural Value in Online Communities. Journal of Interactive Marketing 26, pp.

209-222. Elsevier Inc.

 Seufert, A., Von Krogh, G & Bach, A. (1999). Towards knowledge networking. Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 3 Iss 3 pp 180-190

 Splashscore.com (2014). 8 Social Media Stats Behind the Ice Bucket Challenge.

http://www.splashscore.com/8-social-media-stats-behind-the-ice-bucket-challenge/ visited 12.04.16

 Stephen, B. (2015). Social Media Helps Black Lives Matter Fight The Power.

http://www.wired.com/2015/10/how-black-lives-matter-uses-social-media-to-fight-the-power/ visited 07-03-2016

85

 Sunstein, C. R. (1999). The Law of Group Polarization. John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics Working Paper No. 91

 Tatnall, A. & Gilding, A. (1999). Actor-Network Theory and Information Systems Research. Department of Information Systems. Centre for Educational Development and Support.

Victoria University of Technology. Melbourne, Australia.

 Ton, N. (2015). The Social Media Statistics That Fueled The Biggest Topic of 2014. http://www.mavrck.co/social-media-statistics-that-fueled-the-biggest-topics-of-2014/

visited 10.02.16

 Top Right News (2015). Politically Incorrect Meme Utterly DESTROYS “Black Lives Matter”

Movement. http://toprightnews.com/politically-incorrect-meme-utterly-destroys-black-lives-matter-movement/ visited 12.04.16

 Twitter.com (2016a). Twitter Terms of Service. https://twitter.com/tos#yourrights visited 12.04.16

 Twitter.com (2016b). Using hashtags on Twitter. https://support.twitter.com/articles/49309 visited 12.04.16

 Twitter.com (2016c). REST APIs. https://dev.twitter.com/rest/public visited 12.04.16

 Twitter.com (2016d). GET search/tweets.

https://dev.twitter.com/rest/reference/get/search/tweets visited 12.04.16

 Wasko, M. M., Faraj, S & Teigland, R. (2004). Collective Action and Knowledge Contribution in Electronic Networks of Practice. Journal of the Association for Information Systems Vol. 5 No. 11-12

 Woolley, E. M. (2014). Why the Web needs #yesallwomen as a counterpoint to

#notallmen. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/digital-culture/why-the-web-needs-yesallwomen-as-a-counterpoint-to-notallmen/article18846264/ visited 12.04.16

 Wrigth, S. (2015). Populism and Downing Street E-petitions: Connective Action, Hybridity, and the Changing Nature of Organizing. Political Communication, 32:3, 414-433

 Yates, D. & Pacuette, S. (2011). Emergency knowledge management and social media technologies A case study of the 2010 Haitian earthquake. International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 31: 6-13. Elsevier Ltd.

Frontpage illustrations

 CBS Logo: http://rankings.ft.com/lib/img/logos/entity/copenhagen-business-school visited 15-04-16

 Black Lives Matter illustration: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/B3317RrCMAA3qIC.jpg visited 15-04-16

 ALS Ice Bucket Challenge illustration: http://www.alsa.org/fight-als/assets/ibc-howto595px.png visited 15-04-16

 #YesAllWomen illustration: http://wayvs.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/yes-all-women-704x400.jpg visited 15-04-16

86

Appendices