• Ingen resultater fundet

SUSTAINABLE ‘HOUSING QUALITY’ IN TERMS OF INSTALLATIONS AND INFRASTRUCTURE

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

It can be said that users/dwellers are the most important actors on spatial quality studies. This study aimed to understand ‘how the installing and infrastructural problems can affect housing quality.’

After a literature review and research on the quality studies related with refurbishment, site observations, questionnaires and in-depth interviews were done.

As a result of the European experience examination, some facts were understood that can be listed as:

installation and infrastructural problems are important problems in sustainability. And they are related with material lifespan, deterioration and improper use. They affect the perception of the housing quality more or less.

While asking the users about their problems with the housing, they generally focus on basic electricity, water, gas, cooling and heating problems, but as these problems are physical problems, they can also list their social or physiological problems. Spatial quality relates to both physical and social problems.

With the site observations, some interventions were seen in the neighbourhood, apartment buildings and flats. With these interventions, it was understood that there can be some quality problems where users struggle individually. Users wanted to improve the housing quality with new technologies. Some of them changed the electricity and water, gas, cooling and heating installations. To learn the relationship between the housing quality and installing and infrastructure, a questionnaire was conducted with the users in 3 different scales, and the results showed that these issues are related with housing quality, but to how much effect? The answer to this question is up to the users’ behaviour and tendencies. Perception of housing quality is directly related with user profile and their characteristics.

In some cases, these physical problems can cause a decrease of quality while in some cases they are not important.

Sustainability of housing quality is related with equipment and their maintenance and renovation.

REFERENCES

1Joseph M. Juran, Juran on Leadership for Quality, an Executive Handbook (New York: Free Press, 1989).

2 Thomas Berry,Managing the Total Quality Transformation (New York: Mc-Graw Hill, 1991).

3 Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse and Willard L. Rodgers, The Quality of American Life: Perceptions, Evaluations and Satisfactions (New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 1976).

4 Ahsen Özsoy, Nur Esin, Vildan Ok and Gülçin Gökmen, Toplu Konutlarda Davranışsal Verilere Dayalı Nitelik Değerlendirmesi (Assessment of Housing Quality Based on Behavioural Data), TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Council of Turkey) Research Project, INTAG No: 102.

5 Sandra J. Newman and Greg J. Duncan, “Residential Problems, Dissatisfaction and Mobility.” Journal of the American Planning Association, 45 (1979):154-166.

6 Rudolf Arnheim, Visual Thinking (US: University of California Press, 1969).

7Amos Rapoport, “Identity and Environment: A Cultural Perspective,” In Housing and Identity: Cross-Cultural Perspective, ed. J. S. Duncan (London: Croom-Helm, 1980), 6-35.

8Nur Esin and Ahsen Özsoy, “Environmental Quality: Concepts, Contradictions, and Some Questions”. In 1st International Conference on Quality of Urban Life: Policy versus Practice, eds. N. Z. Gülersoy, N. Esin, A. Özsoy (Istanbul: Urban and Environmental Planning Research Centre, 2003) 24-32.

9Hans Drexler and Sebastian El Khouli, Holistic Housing, Concepts, Design Strategies and Processes, (Munich:

Edition Detail, 2012): 71-77).

10Terry Williamson, Antony Radford and Helen Bennetts, Understanding Sustainable Architecture (US: Spon Press, 2003).

11C. Reboratti, Territory, Scale and Sustainable Development. In Sustainability and Social Sciences, eds. E.

Becker and T. Jahn (London: Zed Books, 1999), 207-222.

12 Cesar Tapia-Fonllem, Victor Corral-Verdugo and Blanca Fraijo-Sing, “Sustainable Behaviour and Quality of Life”, in Handbook of Environmental Psychology and Quality of Life Research, eds. Ghozlane Fleury-Bahi, Enric Pol, Oscar Navarro (Switzerland: Springer), 2017: 173-184.

13Agniezska Zalejska-Jonsson, “Parameters Contributing to Occupants’ Satisfaction: Green and Conventional Residential Building,” Facilities Journal, 32 (7/8) (2014), 411-437.

14Robert Marans, Perceived Quality of Residential Environments: Some Methodological Issues, Perceiving Environmental Quality: Research and Applications (New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1981).

15 Ghozlane Fleury-Bahi, Enric Pol, Oscar Navarro, eds., Handbook of Environmental Psychology and Quality of Life Research (Switzerland: Springer, 2017) 1-8.

16Julie Clark and Ade Kearns, “Housing Improvements, Perceived Housing Quality and Psychosocial Benefits from the Home,” Housing Studies, 27 (7), (2012), 915-939.

17Hatice Sadıkoğlu & Ahsen Özsoy, User Participation in Housing Regeneration Projects. 3rd OIKONET Global Dwelling Conference 2016, Global Dwelling: Sustainability, Design, Participation, Conference Proceedings, Manchester: OIKONET, 2016.

18 Sebastian Loew, The Promotion of Architecture: Some Lessons from France (London: Papadakis Publishing, 1998).

19 F. M. Meijer, Existing Housing Stock: How to Improve the Building Quality? 4th Triennial International Conference, Rethinking and Revitalizing Construction Safety, Health, Environment and Quality Proceedings, South Africa, 17-20 May (2005), 528-543.

20Simon Burton, Handbook of Sustainable Refurbishment Housing (New York: Earthscan, 2012).

21La Torre Le Bois Le Pretre Refurbishment Project, accessed February 17, 2015.

https://www.lacatonvassal.com/index.php?idp=56

22David Thorpe, Sustainable Home Refurbishment: The Earthscan Expert Guide to Retrofitting Homes for Efficiency (London: Earthscan Publishing, 2010).

23Kemal Ahmet Aru, 4. Levent Mahallesi, Arkitekt Dergisi, 03 (285), (1956), 140-153.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Altman, Irwin and Martin Chemers. Culture and Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.

Andersen, Skifter Hans. “Housing Rehabilitation and Urban Renewal in Europe: A Cross-National Analysis of Problems and Policies.” In Housing Renewal in Europe, edited by P. Leather, Hans Skifter Andersen, 241-277.

Bristol: The Policy Press, 1999.

Andrews, Clinton J. “Analysing Quality of Place.” Environment and Planning, B: Planning and Design 28 (2) (2001): 201 – 217.

Arnheim, Rudolf. Visual Thinking. US: University of California Press, 1969.

Aru, Kemal Ahmet. “4 Levent Mahallesi.” Arkitekt Dergisi 03 (285), (1956):140-153.

Becker, Franklin D. and Coniglio, C. “Environmental Messages: Personalization and Territory.” Humanitas 11 (1975) 55-74.

Berry, Thomas, H. Managing the Total Quality Transformation. New York: Mc-Graw Hill, 1991.

Brand, Stewart. How Buildings Learn, What Happens after They’re Built? UK: Penguin Books, 1995.

Burton, Simon. Handbook of Sustainable Refurbishment Housing. New York: Earthscan, 2012.

Campbell, Angus, Converse, Philip E. and Rodgers Willard L. The Quality of American Life: Perceptions, Evaluations and Satisfactions. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1976.

Carmona, Matthew. Housing Design Quality: Through Policy, Guidance and Review. New York: Wiley Son, 2001.

Clark, Julie and Kearns, Ade “Housing Improvements, Perceived Housing Quality and Psychosocial Benefits from the Home,” Housing Studies 27 (7) (2012): 915-939.

Drexler, Hans and El Khouli, Sebastian. Holistic Housing, Concepts, Design Strategies and Processes. Munich:

Edition Detail, 2012.

Esin, Nur and Özsoy, Ahsen. “Environmental Quality: Concepts, Contradictions, and Some Questions”. In 1st International Conference on Quality of Urban Life: Policy versus Practice edited by Nuran Zeren Gülersoy, Nur Esin, Ahsen Özsoy, 24-32. Istanbul: Urban and Environmental Planning Research Centre, 2003.

Galster, George. “Identifying the Correlates of Dwelling Satisfaction, an Empirical Critique.” Environment and Behaviour 19 (5) (1987): 539-568.

Fleury-Bahi, Ghozlane, Pol, Enric, Navarro, Oscar Eds. Handbook of Environmental Psychology and Quality of Life Research, Switzerland: Springer (2017) :1-8.

Greenberg, Michael and Crossney, Kristen. “Perceived Neighbourhood Quality in the United States: Measuring Outdoor, Housing and Jurisdictional Influences.” Socio-Planning Sciences 41 (2001): 181-194.

Gutman, Robert and Westergaard, Barbara. “Building Evaluation, User Satisfaction, and Design.” In Designing for Human Behaviour: Architecture and the Behavioural Sciences edited by John Lang. Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, 1973.

Holm, Mats G. “Service Quality and Product Quality in Housing Refurbishment.” International Journal of Quality &

Reliability Management 17(4-5) (2010): 527-540.

Juran, Joseph M. Juran on Leadership for Quality, an Executive Handbook. New York: Free Press, 1989.

Kincaid, David. Adapting Buildings for Changing Uses Guidelines for Change of Use Refurbishment. London:

Taylor & Francis Group, 2002.

La Torre Le Bois Le Pretre Refurbishment Project, accessed February 17, 2015, https://www.lacatonvassal.com/index.php?idp=56

Lacaton, Anne, Vassal Jean and Druot Frederick. Large Scale Housing Development, an Exceptional Case.

Barcelona: 2G Press, 2007.

Lawrence, Roderick, J. Housing, Dwelling and Homes, Design Theory, Research and Practice. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1987.

Loew, Sebastian. The Promotion of Architecture: Some Lessons from France. London: Papadakis Publishing, 1998.

Marans, Robert. Perceived Quality of Residential Environments: Some Methodological Issues, Perceiving Environmental Quality: Research and Applications. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1981.

Marans, Robert. “Understanding Environmental Quality through Quality of Life Studies: The 2001 DAS and Its Use of Subjective and Objective Indicators.” Landscape and Urban Planning 65 (2001): 73-83.

Marans, Robert. “Quality of Urban Life Studies: an Overview and Implications for Environment-Behaviour Research.” Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35 (2012): 9-22.

Meijer, F. M. and Bos Van der A. Existing Housing Stock: How to Improve the Building Quality? 4th Triennial International Conference, Rethinking and Revitalizing Construction Safety, Health, Environment and Quality Proceedings, South Africa 17-20 May, (2005): 528-543.

Newman, Sandra J. and Duncan, Greg J. “Residential Problems, Dissatisfaction and Mobility.” Journal of the American Planning Association 45 (1979): 154-166.

Özsoy, Ahsen; Esin, Nur; Ok, Vildan and Gökmen, Gülçin. Toplu Konutlarda Davranışsal Verilere Dayalı Nitelik Değerlendirmesi. TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Council of Turkey) Research Project, INTAG NO:

102.

Rapoport, Amos. “Identity and Environment: A Cultural Perspective,” In Housing and Identity: Cross-Cultural Perspective, edited by J. S. Duncan, 6-35. London: Croom-Helm, 1980.

Reboratti, C. “Territory, Scale and Sustainable Development.” In Sustainability and Social Sciences edited by E.

Becker and T. Jahn, 207-222. London: Zed Books, 1999.

Sadıkoğlu, Hatice and Özsoy, Ahsen. User Participation in Housing Regeneration Projects. 3rd OIKONET Global Dwelling Conference 2016, Global Dwelling: Sustainability, Design, Participation, Conference Proceedings, Manchester: OIKONET, 2016.

Tapia-Fonllem, Cesar, Corral-Verdugo, Victor and Fraijo-Sing, Blanca “Sustainable Behaviour and Quality of Life”, in Handbook of Environmental Psychology and Quality of Life Research, eds. Ghozlane Fleury-Bahi, Enric Pol, Oscar Navarro, Switzerland: Springer (2017): 173-184.

Thorpe, David. Sustainable Home Refurbishment: The Earthscan Expert Guide to Retrofitting Homes for Efficiency. London: Earthscan Publishing, 2010.

Williamson, Terry, Radford, Antony and Bennetts, Helen. Understanding Sustainable Architecture. US: Spon Press, 2003.

Zalejska-Jonsson, Agnieszka. “Parameters Contributing to occupants’ satisfaction: Green and Conventional Residential Building,” Facilities Journal 32 (7/8) (2014): 411-437.

PRACTICING FACADE RENOVATION OF DANISH