Emission factors

For each fuel and SNAP category (sector and e.g. type of plant), a set of general area source emission factors has been determined. The emission factors are either nationally referenced or based on the in-ternational guidebooks EMEP/Corinair Guidebook (EMEP/Corinair

2004) and IPCC Reference Manual (IPCC 1996).

A complete list of emission factors, including time-series and refer-ences, is shown in Annex 3A.

CO₂

The CO2 emission factors applied for 2004 are presented in Table 3.11.

For municipal waste and natural gas, time-series have been esti-mated. For all other fuels the same emission factor is applied for 1990-2004.

In reporting to the Climate Convention, the CO2 emission is aggre-gated to five fuel types: Solid fuel, Liquid fuel, Gas, Biomass and Other fuels. The correspondence list between the NERI fuel catego-ries and the IPCC fuel categocatego-ries is also provided in Table 3.11. The emission factors are further discussed in Annex 3A.

The CO₂ emission from incineration of municipal waste (94.5 + 17.6 kg/GJ) is divided into two parts: the emission from combustion of the plastic content of the waste (which is included in the national to-tal) and the emission from combustion of the rest of the waste – the biomass part (which is reported as a memo item). In the IPCC report-ing, the CO2 emission from combustion of the plastic content of the waste is reported in the fuel category, Other fuels. However, this split is not applied in either fuel consumption or other emissions, as it is only relevant for CO2. Thus, the full consumption of municipal waste is included in the fuel category, Biomass, and the full amount of non-CO₂ emissions from municipal waste combustion is also included in the Biomass-category.

The CO2 emission factors have been confirmed by the two major power plant operators, both directly (Christiansen, 1996 and Ander-sen, 1996) and indirectly, by the large power plants’ applying the NERI emission factors in their annual environmental reports and by the acceptance of the NERI factors in Danish legislation.

The current Danish legislation concerning CO₂ emission from power plants in 2003 and 2004 (Law no. 376 1999) is based on standard CO2

emission factors for each fuel. Thus, so far power plant operators have not been encouraged to estimate CO2 emission factors based on their own fuel analysis. In future legislation (Law no. 493 2004), op-erators of large power plants are obliged to verify the applied emis-sion factors, which will lead to the availability of improved emisemis-sion factors for national emission inventories in future. The plants will report CO₂ emissions for 2005 according to this legislation.

Table 3.11 CO₂ emission factors 2004

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Coal 95 kg/GJ Country specific Solid

Brown coal briquettes 94.6 kg/GJ IPCC reference manual Solid Coke oven coke 108 kg/GJ IPCC reference manual Solid Petroleum coke 92 kg/GJ Country specific Liquid

Wood 102 kg/GJ Corinair Biomass

Municipal waste 94.5 17.6 kg/GJ Country specific Biomass / Other fuels

Straw 102 kg/GJ Country specific Biomass

Residual oil 78 kg/GJ Corinair Liquid

Gas oil 74 kg/GJ Corinair Liquid

Kerosene 72 kg/GJ Corinair Liquid

Fish & rape oil 74 kg/GJ Country specific Biomass

Orimulsion 80 kg/GJ Country specific Liquid

Natural gas 57.12 kg/GJ Country specific Gas

LPG 65 kg/GJ Corinair Liquid

Refinery gas 56.9 kg/GJ Country specific Liquid

Biogas 83.6 kg/GJ Country specific Biomass

CH₄

The CH₄ emission factors applied for 2004 are presented in Table 3.12.

In general, the same emission factors have been applied for 1990-2004. However, time-series have been estimated for both natural gas fuelled engines and biogas fuelled engines. The emission factors and references are further discussed in Annex 3A.

Emission factors for gas engines, gas turbines and CHP plants com-busting wood, straw or municipal waste all refer to emission meas-urements carried out on Danish plants (Nielsen & Illerup 2003). Most other emission factors refer to the EMEP/Corinair Guidebook (EMEP/Corinair 2004).

Gas engines, combusting natural gas or biogas, contribute much more to the total CH4 emission than other stationary combustion plants.

The relatively high emission factor for gas engines is well docu-mented, based on a very high number of emission measurements in Danish plants. The factor is further discussed in Annex 3A. Due to the considerable consumption of natural gas and biogas in gas en-gines, the IEF (implied emission factor) in CRF sector 1A1, 1A2 and 1A4, fuel categories Gaseous fuels and Biomass is relatively high. The considerable change in the IEF is a result of the increasing consump-tion of natural gas and biogas in gas engines as discussed in Chapter 3.2.1.2.

Table 3.12 CH₄ emission factors 1990-2004

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COAL 1A1a 010101, 010102, 010103 1,5 EMEP/Corinair 2004

COAL 1A1a, 1A2f, 1A4b, 1A4c 010202, 010203, 0301, 0202, 0203 15 EMEP/Corinair 2004

BROWN COAL BRI. all all 15 EMEP/Corinair 2004, assuming same

emission factor as for coal

COKE OVEN COKE all all 15 EMEP/Corinair 2004, assuming same

emission factor as for coal

PETROLEUM COKE all all 15 EMEP/Corinair 2004

WOOD AND SIMIL. 1A1a 010102, 010103, 010104 2 Nielsen & Illerup 2003

WOOD AND SIMIL. 1A4a, 1A4b, 1A4c 0201, 0202, 0203 200 EMEP/Corinair 2004

WOOD AND SIMIL. 1A1a, 1A2f 010105, 010202, 010203, 0301, 030102, 030103

32 EMEP/Corinair 2004

MUNICIP. WASTES 1A1a 010102, 010103, 010104, 010105 0,59 Nielsen & Illerup 2003

MUNICIP. WASTES 1A1a, 1A2f, 1A4a all other 6 EMEP/Corinair 2004

STRAW 1A1a 010102, 010103 0,5 Nielsen & Illerup 2003

STRAW 1A1a, 1A2f, 1A4c 010202, 010203, 020302, 030105 32 EMEP/Corinair 2004

STRAW 1A4b, 1A4c 0202, 0203 200 EMEP/Corinair 2004

RESIDUAL OIL all all 3 EMEP/Corinair 2004

GAS OIL all all 1,5 EMEP/Corinair 2004

KEROSENE all all 7 EMEP/Corinair 2004

FISH & RAPE OIL all all 1,5 EMEP/Corinair 2004, assuming same

emission factor as gas oil

ORIMULSION 1A1a 010101 3 EMEP/Corinair 2004, assuming same

emission factor as residual oil

NATURAL GAS 1A1a 0101, 010101, 010102, 010202 6 DGC 2001

NATURAL GAS 1A1a 010103, 010203 15 Gruijthuijsen & Jensen 2000

NATURAL GAS 1A1a, 1Ac, 1A2f, 1A4a, 1A4c

Gas turbines: 010104, 010504, 030104, 020104, 020303

1,5 Nielsen & Illerup 2003 NATURAL GAS 1A1a, 1A1c, 1A2f, 1A4a,

1A4b, 1A4c

Gas engines: 010105, 010205, 010505, 030105, 020105, 020204, 020304

1) 520 Nielsen & Illerup 2003 NATURAL GAS 1A1c, 1A2f, 1A4a, 1A4b,

1A4c

010502, 0301, 0201, 0202, 0203 6 DGC 2001

NATURAL GAS 1A2f, 1A4a, 1A4b 030103, 030106, 020103, 020202 15 Gruijthuijsen & Jensen 2000

LPG all all 1 EMEP/Corinair 2004

REFINERY GAS 1A1b 010304 1,5 EMEP/Corinair 2004

BIOGAS 1A1a, 1A1c, 1A2f, 1A4a, 1A4c

Gas engines: 010105, 010505, 030105, 020105, 020304

1) 323

Nielsen & Illerup 2003

BIOGAS 1A1a, 1A2f, 1A4a, 1A4c all other 4 EMEP/Corinair 2004

1) 2003 emission factor. Time-series is shown in Annex 3A

N2O

The N₂O emission factors applied for the 2004 inventory are listed in Table 3.13. The same emission factors have been applied in the period 1990-2003.

Emission factors for gas engines, gas turbines and CHP plants com-busting wood, straw or municipal waste all refer to emission meas-urements carried out in Danish plants (Nielsen & Illerup 2003). For coal-powered plants in the public power sector, research conducted by Elsam has led to a new emission factor being implemented for the entire time-series. Other emission factors refer to the EMEP/Corinair Guidebook (EMEP/Corinair 2004).

Table 3.13 N₂O emission factors 1990-2004

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COAL 1A1a 0101** 0,8 Elsam 2005

COAL 1A1a, 1A1c, 1A2f, 1A4a, 1A4b, 1A4c

All except 0101** 3 EMEP/Corinair 2004

BROWN COAL BRI. all all 3 EMEP/Corinair 2004

COKE OVEN COKE all all 3 EMEP/Corinair 2004

PETROLEUM COKE all all 3 EMEP/Corinair 2004

WOOD AND SIMIL. 1A1a 010102, 010103, 010104 0,8 Nielsen & Illerup 2003

WOOD AND SIMIL. 1A1a 010105, 010202, 010203 4 EMEP/Corinair 2004

WOOD AND SIMIL. 1A2f, 1A4a, 1A4b, 1A4c all 4 EMEP/Corinair 2004

MUNICIP. WASTES 1A1a 010102, 010103, 010104, 010105

1,2 Nielsen & Illerup 2003

MUNICIP. WASTES 1A1a 010203 4 EMEP/Corinair 2004

MUNICIP. WASTES 1A2f, 1A4a 030102, 0201, 020103 4 EMEP/Corinair 2004

STRAW 1A1a 010102, 010103 1,4 Nielsen & Illerup 2003

STRAW 1A1a 010202, 010203 4 EMEP/Corinair 2004

STRAW 1A2f, 1A4b, 1A4c all 4 EMEP/Corinair 2004

RESIDUAL OIL all all 2 EMEP/Corinair 2004

GAS OIL all all 2 EMEP/Corinair 2004

KEROSENE all all 2 EMEP/Corinair 2004

FISH & RAPE OIL all all 2 EMEP/Corinair 2004, assuming same

emission factor as gas oil

ORIMULSION 1A1a 010101 2 EMEP/Corinair 2004, assuming same

emission factor as residual oil

NATURAL GAS 1A1a 0101, 010101, 010102,

010103, 010202, 010203

1 EMEP/Corinair 2004

NATURAL GAS 1A1a, 1A1c, 1A2f, 1A4a, 1A4c

Gas turbines: 010104, 010504, 030104, 020104, 020303

2,2 Nielsen & Illerup 2003

NATURAL GAS 1A1a, 1A1c, 1A2f, 1A4a, 1A4b, 1A4c

Gas engines: 010105, 010205, 010505, 030105, 020105, 020204, 020304

1,3 Nielsen & Illerup 2003

NATURAL GAS 1A1c, 1A2f, 1A4a, 1A4b, 1A4c

010502, 0301, 030103, 030106, 0201, 020103, 0202, 020202, 0203

1 EMEP/Corinair 2004

LPG all all 2 EMEP/Corinair 2004

REFINERY GAS all all 2,2 EMEP/Corinair 2004

BIOGAS 1A1a 010102, 010103, 010203 2 EMEP/Corinair 2004

BIOGAS 1A1a, 1A1c, 1A2f, 1A4a, 1A4c

Gas engines: 010105, 010505, 030105, 020105, 020304

0,5 Nielsen & Illerup 2003

BIOGAS 1A2f, 1A4a, 1A4c 0301, 030102, 0201, 020103, 0203

2 EMEP/Corinair 2004

In document Denmark’s National Inventory Report 2006 (Sider 80-84)