Acknowledgements We thank Søren Lauesen for permission to use the task descriptions for the Fyn County EPR as basis for this paper. We also thank

Søren for fruitful discussions and feedback on this paper.

References

1. W.M.P. van der Aalst and A.H.M. ter Hofstede. YAWL: Yet Another Workflow Language. Information Systems, 30(4):245–275, 2005.

2. W.M.P. van der Aalst, A.H.M. ter Hofstede, B. Kiepuszewski, and A.P. Barros.

Workflow Patterns. Distributed and Parallel Databases, 14(1):5–51, 2003.

3. W.M.P. van der Aalst, J.B. Jørgensen, and K.B. Lassen. Let’s Go All the Way:

From Requirements via Colored Workflow Nets to a BPEL Implementation of a New Bank System. In Proc. of 13th International Cooperative Information Systems Conf., volume 3760 of LNCS, pages 22–39, Agia Napa, Cyprus, 2005. Springer.

4. W.M.P. van der Aalst and K. van Hee. Workflow Management: Models, Methods, and Systems. MIT Press, 2002.

5. W.M.P. van der Aalst, M. Weske, and D. Gr¨ unbauer. Case Handling: A New Paradigm for Business Process Support. Data and Knowledge Engineering, 53(2):129–162, 2005.

6. M. Adams, A.H.M. ter Hofstede, D. Edmond, and W.M.P. van der Aalst. Facil-itating Flexibility and Dynamic Exception Handling in Workflows. In O. Belo, J. Eder, O. Pastor, and J. Falcao e Cunha, editors, Proceedings of the CAiSE’05 Forum, pages 45–50. FEUP, Porto, Portugal, 2005.

7. T. Andrews, F. Curbera, H. Dholakia, Y. Goland, J. Klein, F. Leymann, K. Liu, D. Roller, D. Smith, S. Thatte, I. Trickovic, and S. Weerawarana. Business Process Execution Language for Web Services, Version 1.1. Standards proposal by BEA Systems, International Business Machines Corporation, and Microsoft Corpora-tion, 2003.

8. C. Bossen and J.B. Jørgensen. Context-descriptive Prototypes and Their Applica-tion to Medicine AdministraApplica-tion. In Proc. of Designing Interactive Systems (DIS) 2004, pages 297–306, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2004. ACM Press.

9. A. Cockburn. Writing Effective Use Cases. Addison-Wesley, 2000.

10. Krav til Fyns Amts EPJ-system (udkast) — Requirements to Fyn County’s EPR

System (Draft). Fyns Amt, 2003.

11. P. Gr¨ unbacher, A. Egyed, and N. Medvidovic. Reconciling software requirements and architectures with intermediate models. Software and Systems Modeling, 3(3):235–253, 2004. Springer.

12. D. Harel. Statecharts: A Visual Formalism for Complex Systems. Science of Computer Programming, 8:231–274, 1987.

13. M. Jackson. Problem Frames — Analyzing and Structuring Software Development Problems. Addison-Wesley, 2001.

14. K. Jensen. Coloured Petri Nets – Basic Concepts, Analysis Methods and Practical Use. Vol. 1, Basic Concepts. Monographs in Theoretical Computer Science. An EATCS Series. Springer, 1992.

15. J.B. Jørgensen and C. Bossen. Executable Use Cases as Links Between Application Domain Requirements and Machine Specifications. In Proc. of 3rd International Workshop on Scenarios and State Machines (at ICSE 2004), pages 8–13, Edin-burgh, Scotland, 2004. IEE.

16. J.B. Jørgensen and C. Bossen. Executable Use Cases: Requirements for a Pervasive Health Care System. IEEE Software, 21(2):34–41, 2004.

17. L.M. Kristensen, S. Christensen, and K. Jensen. The Practitioner’s Guide to Coloured Petri Nets. International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer, 2(2):98–132, 1998.

18. S. Lauesen. Software Requirements — Styles and Techniques. Addison-Wesley, 2002.

19. S. Lauesen. Task Descriptions as Functional Requirements. IEEE Software, 20(2):58–65, 2003.

20. OMG Unified Modeling Language Specification, Version 1.4. Object Management Group (OMG); UML Revision Taskforce, 2001.

21. M. Peleg and et al. Comparing Computer-interpretable Guideline Models: A Case-study Approach. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 10(1):52–68, 2003.

22. S. Quaglini, M. Stefanelli, A. Cavallini, G. Micieli, C. Fassino, and C. Mossa.

Guideline-based Careflow Systems. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 20(1):5–22, 2000.

23. S. Quaglini, M. Stefanelli, G. Lanzola, V. Caporusso, and S. Panzarasa. Flexi-ble Guideline-based Patient Careflow Systems. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 22(1):65–80, 2001.

24. S. Rinderle, M. Reichert, and P. Dadam. Correctness Criteria For Dynamic Changes in Workflow Systems: A Survey. Data and Knowledge Engineering, 50(1):9–34, 2004.

25. I. Sommerville. Software Engineering — Seventh Edition. Addison-Wesley, 2004.

26. T. Wendler, K. Meetz, and J Schmidt. Workflow Automation in Radiology. In H.U.

Lemke, editor, Proceedings of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery (CAR98), pages 364–369. Elsevier, 1998.

27. CPN Tools. www.daimi.au.dk/CPNTools.

4 )6578,9+-);:*$0)<=> -/?

«!¬ª­n®n¯°Q±Š®Š² €³p´ru\_^L[]fwb‚0pkbµ‚Qf‚]µgbed¶ferslmberuµH[]} … [Š·aruƒud¸€’¹º’[vµ»idgb”†[]fe‰kl¼… €i»’o½$l‚¾¿rulÀf‚]^ars¹cƒuj

µ¶a]ptqŠrupaqÀbe[Š^L[]ƒu[ŠqŠrudnl-¹c`ad_be[¿bead-\_[yzdn\_dgpkb[0}†rufedgƒsdglwl_\_[Š·aruƒud!¹tdnykruµndnl8beQb†dlwa]ƒuƒfedg}ÁdgfBbe[6]l

PRFì-,þªCKJLýHTWî éè ïô8õ/.¿C0‚MFìkýHJLCKM ó1,UG é .öÖñADIFPTXCFE2~ñALPYAˆîzADVÄ÷3*tûeù-J CFìvð ñìkJLîzPTLìÆñ0ADIFPTWCFE

KñALPYAªîzADV4nCÊñìkJLîzPTLì*ñADIFPTWCFEKñ0ALPYAˆîzADVWükùFñADIFPYìkü-JQñìÀADC~VÌþÄMKTXüîzALìvñìkMð!RFìkCÊPRFìvþ JQñìCFìvìkMKìkMÆómT4{ì

JQPYPYìký+KPTWC PRKTWü*MKTÌñìkîzPTÌADC ë7þ"ÿ”ALñ0ýHJLVXTWüTWCFE PRKìÖMFþªCKJLýHTXîA$ìvñ0JQPTÌADCKü*ALÿP,UG é . IKü0TWCFE´@BADVWADIFñìkM

’ìvPYñ0TïìvPü*óe@DïüŠöÀ÷Ôø)(ˆù]ø)QtûH

nCNKñ0ìˆTÌADI~üðALñòO÷3($cûeù7ðìRKñAFˆTWMKìkMHJLC¸JQë~üPYñ0JLîzPU@DïýAˆMKìkVFALÿJGKñADJLîzPT LìPKñALPYAªîzADVwùDòªCFAtð!C

JLüUPRFìG,ìküYPTWC~JQPTÌADCS0"ˆì)EˆIFìkCKîzìkMT,¿TWüYPJLCKîzì0HU?ìkîzPYALñV-ADIKPTWCFEó1,G"S,WUöXKñALPYAªîzADV÷3'QtûHYñADJLîzPT LìKñA0

Lìvñþ¸M~TBAìvñ0ìkCÈP!"ì¿M~TWüîvIKüüìkMPRFì¿VWTÌPYìvñ0JQPIFñ0ì!ñìkVWJQPYìkMÄPYAýAˆMKìkVWVWTWCFER~TÌEDRKVÌþMFþªCKJLýHTWî!üYþˆüPYìkýHüI~üTWCFE

@Dïü_TWC"÷3($cûH~SBñ0TWìKKþLù’TXCKMKVÌAtð JLCKM SUTWVXVWTWCFELPYADC÷3\tû³IKüYìkM íTÌEDRS0^]³ìLìkViìvPYñ]Tï!ìvPü6÷3(tûPYAHýHAˆMFìkV$MFþ!0

CKJLýHTXî!MKTWC~TWCFE~RKTXVÌADüYA~RFìvñ]üvùLð!RKTWî]RHADCKVWþHîzADCKüTWMFìvñ]ü8JÃîvTÌñ0îvIKVWJQñPYA$ADVÌALELþ!_¿TÌADCFEÃìvPUJLV4÷3((ˆùH(`&QûiRKJLì

KñìküìkCÈPYìkM JPTWýìkM @Dï&ýAªMFìkVBÿ|ALñPRFì è MS0‚RFAªîT.¿C0‚MFìkýHJLCKML,¿TWüYPJLCKîzìTU?ìkîzPYALñó è .,WUÀöñADIFPa0

TWCFEbKñALPYAªîzADVB÷3'`&QûH,¿IFì6PYAÖPRFìcìvñ]îzìkTLìkMM~Td¸îvIKVÌP¶þÄALÿýAˆMKìkVWVWTWCFEJQñë½TÌPYñ0JQñþ î0R~JLCFEDTWCFEÄPYAADVWALEDTÌìküvù

_¿TÌADCFEìvPJLVHtADCKVWþîzADCKüTWMFìvñJLCJ8Kñ0A)FTWýHJQPTÌADC`eÀñ0TWüPYìkCKüYìkC*ìvP’JLV÷Ôøkútû~RKJLìUI~üYìkMRKTÌìvñ0JQñ0î]RKTWîvJLVª@D8ïü

PYAýAˆMKìkV éOè ïô8õ-üõ-RFìÄCFìvP‚ðBALñòÆPYA$ADVÌALELþÆTWü*MKTÌñìkîzPVWþýHAˆMFìkVXVÌìkMùë~IFP*CFAOñADIKPTWCFEMKñ0ALPYAˆîzADVBTWü

îzADCKüTXMFìvñìkMLõ-RFìkC¸TWC÷Ôø$cûeùÈPRFì-ôMFELìPV!ADIFPYìvñf,¿TWüîzAFLìvñþNñALPYAªîzADV~TXü?ýAˆMKìkVWVÌìkMJLCKMHJLCKJLVWþˆüYìkMg!"ªTWýHTB0

VWJQñ0VWþLù½÷Ôø)\tûýAˆMKìkVWüPRFìTWC7PYìvñA$ìvñ0JQë~TWVWTWP‚þZKñALPYAªîzADVwùÈëˆþð!RKTWî]RN~JLî0òLìvPüDKKAcð ë$ìvP‚ðBìvìkCÊJ6îzALñì¿CFìvP‚ðBALñò

JLCKMHJLC¸JLMHRFAªî_CFìvP‚ðBALñòˆTXJ¿PRFì-îvVÌADüYìküYP8EDJQPYìvðBJcþ¸îzADCKCFìkîzPTWCKEÀPRFì-P‚ðBA6CFìvP¶ðALñ0òˆü7õ-RFì-MFþªCKJLýHTWîvJLVXVÌþ

î0R~JLCFEDTWCFEPYA$ADVÌALEDTWìküALÿ$PRFì!ìkC7PTÌñìCFìvP‚ðBALñòHJQñì!CKALPîzADCKüTXMFìvñìkMnCHîzADC7PYñ0JLüYPvùˆADIFñ8ðBALñòÿ|AªîvIKüYìkü8ADC

ýAªMFìkVWVWTXCFEHPRFìñADIFPTXCFE~ñALPYAˆîzADVTWCMFìvPJLTXVwùJLC~MìSKñìkü0üTWCFEÖPRFìMFþˆC~JLýHTWîvJLVWVÌþî]RKJLCFEDTWCKEÖPYA$ADVÌALELþ

ªTWJ6IMKJQPTXCFEÀñADIFPTWCKE6PJQë~VÌììkCÈPYñ]TÌìküªô8JLî0RÊCFAªMFìIMKJQPYìkü8TÌPüñADIFPTXCFEPJQë~VÌìëˆþHîzñìkJQPTWCFEFùªIMKJQPTWCFE

ALñ¿TWC<QJLVWTWM~JQPTWCFEPRFìÃñADIFPYì*ìkCÈPYñ0TWìküvù½JQÿ”PYìvñ¿ñìkîzìkTªTWCFE¸PRKìc,UG é . îzADC7PYñADV’ýìküüJQELìkü¿PYñ]JLCKüýHTÌPYPYìkMTWC

PRFì6üþˆüYPYìkýM~õ-RˆIKüvùFPRFìñ0ADIFPYììkC7PYñ0TÌìküvùKîzADC7PJLTWCFìkMTWCÊPRFì6CFAªMFìÀñADIKPTWCFEPJQë~VÌìkükùKñìkîzALñ0M PRKì6îvIFññìkC7P

îzADCKCFìkîzPTWADCOë$ìvP‚ðBìvìkC´CFAˆMKìküvùKð!RKTXî0R ñìK~ìkîzPü!PRFì6PYAADVWALELþ ALÿ?PRFì6CFìvP¶ðALñòVÌìkJQñ0CFìkM ÿ”ñADý PRFìªTÌìvð

ALÿ?CFAªMFìküvùFJLü!TWü_MKADCFì6TWC JñìkJLV éOè ïôõ

õ-RKìÖýHJLTXCJLTXý ALÿ!PRKTWüZ~J$ìvñÃTXü*PYAìªPYìkCKM PRFì ýAªMFìkVWVWTXCFEOJ8Kñ0ADJLî0R MFìLìkVÌA$ìkM TWC÷3(Qtûeù?ë7þ

KñAFˆTXMKTWCFE-JÀ@D8ï ýHAˆMFìkV7ALÿKJRKTÌEDRKVÌþÀMFþªCKJLýHTXî éOè ïô8õÀùað!TÌPR*CFAˆMKìkü³ñ0I~CKCKTWCFE,_G é .Z`"ìBìkýN~VÌAcþ

JELìkCFìvñ]TWîCFìvP!üPYñ0IKîzPIFñìü0IKTÌPYìkMÊPYAÄýHAˆMFìkVXVWTWCFEÃñìkJLîzPTLìcKñALPYAªîzADVWü-TWCÊELìkCFìvñ]JLV4~õ-RFì*ü:$ìkîvTC~îvüUALÿPRFì

,UG

é . ñ0ADIFPTWCFEÃJLVÌELALñ0TÌPRKý¸üJQñì¿PRFìkCÄñìkJLVWTXüYìkM¸ëˆþHÿmIKCKîzPTÌADC~ü8TWCÄPRFì¿JQñ0îìhKñ0ìküüTÌADCKü8ALÿ³PRFì¿ýAªMFìkV4

"ìHJLVWüYAÊîzADCKüTXMFìvñÀüYADýìAKPTWýHT kJQPTÌADC´Aìvñ]JQPTÌADCKüALÿX,UG é .ÃùüIKî]R´JLüÀJLC´ALñ0TWEDTWCKJQPYALñÀCFAªMFìÃI~üTWCFE

JLC

;ijS>6?9kl6!m@nok6!mp);>n:qr

ómüYìvì"ˆìkîzPTÌADC-'DöPYA üYìkJQñ]î0R"ÿ”ALñÀñADIFPYìkü¿PYA PRFìMFìküPTWCKJQPTÌADCTWCKJLVXVÌþLù~ðBì

JLVWüYAs$ìvñÿ|ALñ]ý.üYADýìÖüTWýÃIKVWJQPTÌADCÆìh$ìvñ0TWýHìkCÈPü6PYA´MFìkýHADCKüYPYñ0JQPYìÄPRFìÄðUJkþ PRFìÄýAªMFìkVîvJKPIFñìkü*PRFì

MFþªCKJLýHTWî¿î]RKJLCFELìküTWC CFìvP‚ðBALñòÊPYA$ADVÌALELþ

õ-RKìvñìÆJQñìÆüYìLìvñ0JLV6îzADCÈPYñ0TWë~IFPTÌADCKüÖALÿÃPRKTWüT~J$ìvñ)WTÌñ0üPVÌþLùUÿ|ADVWVWAcð!TWCKEADCêÿ|ñADý;ADIKñKñìªTÌADIKü

ðBALñò ÷3(Qˆùo($cûeùðBìÖýHAˆMFìkVPRFìÊMFþªCKJLýHTWîvJLVWVWþ´î]RKJLCFEDTWCFE´PYA$ADVÌALEDTÌìkü*ALÿ éè ïô8õ-üÃñ0I~CKCKTWCFE ñ0ìkJLîzPTLì

ñADIFPTXCFEMKñALPYAªîzADVWüÃTWCKîvVWI~MKTWCFEÊýìküüJQELì VÌADü0ü6JLCKM ñìvPYñ0JLCKüý¸TWüüTÌADCgt"ˆìkîzADCKMKVÌþLùiðìKñAFˆTWMKìHPRFì CKñ0üYP

ÿ”ALñ0ýHJLVü:$ìkîvTC~îvJQPTWADCÊALÿ³PRFìG,UG é . ñADIFPTXCFEKñAªîzìkMKIFñìküFõ-R~TÌñ0MKVÌþLù7ðìM~TWüîzALìvñTWCKîzALññìkîzP_ñ0ADIFPTWCFE

TWCFÿ”ALñ0ýHJQPTWADC*TWCÃPRFìUñADIKPYìUM~TWüîzALìvñ0þKñAªîzìkMKIFñ0ìMKIFìUPYAÀJLý*ë~TÌEDIFADIKüüYPJQPYìkýHìkCÈPüTWC6PRKìUüìkîvT C~îvJQPTÌADC

÷3*tûëˆþÄüTWýÃIKVWJQPTWADCÄìS$ìvñ0TWýìkC7PüSTWCKJLVWVÌþLùˆðBìüIFELELìküYP-ýAªMKTC½îvJQPTÌADCKüPYAPRFìG,UG é .u~ñAˆîzìkM~IFñìküUTWC

JLCJQPYPYìký+~P!PYAHAFLìvñ0îzADýìÃPRKTWüDKñALë½VÌìký

õ-RKì ñìküYPHALÿ¿PRFìM½JìvñHTXüALñEDJLCKTWüìkM JLüHÿ”ADVWVÌAtð!üX"ˆìkîzPTÌADCv'"MFìküîzñ]TÌë$ìküPRFìë~JLüTXîÊAìvñ]JQPTÌADCKü

ALÿX,_G é .ZnCO"ˆìkîzPTÌADC#(ˆùðì+~ñìküYìkC7PADIKñ@W8ï1ýHAˆMFìkViALÿD,UG é .Zt"ªTXý*IKVXJQPTÌADCOìS$ìvñ0TWýìkC7Pü¿JQñì

îzADCKMKI~îzPYìkM"TWCw"ªìkîzPTÌADCw& JLCKM"MKTWüîvI~üüYìkM´TWCw"ªìkîzPTÌADC-*h’TXCKJLVWVÌþLù$îzADCKîvVWIKü0TÌADCKüJLCKMÿ”IKPIFñìÃðALñò´JQñì

KñìküìkCÈPYìkMTXCx"ˆìkîzPTÌADCsQh

y zw{à}|~ç‚æO€#‚Oƒ+„†…Oàˆ‡zäf‰Y~v|à8䋊ã³åáLç¶à}Œ¸âDãáLã?æªãŽ

nCÄPR~TWüüìkîzPTÌADCùªðìKñ0ìküYìkCÈPBPRFì¿ë~JLî0ò7ELñADI~CKMÖALÿt,UG é . TXCÄPRKìRCKìkVXM¸ALÿiñADIFPTWCFEÃJLVÌELALñ0TÌPR~ýHüªõ-RFìkC

PRFìë~JLüTXî6A$ìvñ0JQPTÌADC~üALÿ,UG é . JQñ0ìMKìküîzñ0TÌë$ìkMë7þ´JÖü0TWý+~VÌì*ìªJLýN~VÌìÃPRKJQPTWVWVWI~üYPYñ0JQPYìküPRFìñADIFPYì

MKTWü0îzALìvñþ JLCKM ýHJLTXCÈPYìkCKJLC~îzìGKñAªîzìkMKIFñìkü)

‘I’4“ ”Z•Y–F—˜?™Fš[›tœt

,¿TWüYPJLCKîzìWLìkîzPYALññADIFPTWCKE¿JLVWELALñ0TÌPRKýHü_÷3''tû½JQñ0ì_ë~JLüYìkMADCPRFì_üRKALñPYìküYPž~JQPRîzADý+½IFPJQPTÌADCHJLVÌELALñ]TÌPRKý

TÌPVWJLî0òˆü¸PRFìJQë~TWVWTWP‚þÆPYAÆRKJLC~MKVÌìÊñ0J~TWM î]RKJLCFELìkü¸TXC PYA$ADVÌALELþ ÷3'$cûeùJLC~M TÌPJLVWüYAÆüISA$ìvñ0üÿ”ñADýŸLìvñþ

ë$ìkRKJ)ªTÌADIFñõ³AALìvñ0îzADýìÖPRFìÖîzADý+~VÌìFTÌP‚þ"TWC è .,WUÃùtnô8õüYPJQñ0PYìkM PYA´MFìLìkVÌA JCFìvð1ñ0ìkJLîzPTLì

ñADIFPTXCFEGKñALPYAªîzADVwùDòªCFAtð!C¸JLüPRFìR,þªCKJLýHTWî éOè

ïôõ¦.ÀCS0‚MFìkýHJLCKMbV-ADIFPTWCKEñALPYAªîzADVó1,UG

é

.ö÷&Qû

TWCw'JJ*h è ëKñ]TÌìvÿTWC7PYñAˆM~IKîzPTÌADCPYAÖPRKìÃë½JLüTWî*ñADIFPTWCFEÖJLVÌELALñ0TÌPR~ýHüALÿf,UG é . TXü!EDTLìkC"TXCOPRFìCFìªP

üIFë½üYìkîzPTÌADCÆómJLîvîzALñ0MKTXCFEHPYA÷3*tû”ö-TWCÊALñ0MFìvñ-PYAÄIKCKMFìvñ0üPJLCKMÖPRFìÃ@Dï ýAªMFìkVTWCx"ªìkîzPTÌADCx(h

‘I’§‘ ¨G™FšY©š–š[ªR«¬[­!™F¬®­<¯

nC ñìkJLîzPTLì´ñADIFPTXCFE#KñALPYAªîzADVWüvùñADIFPYìküÖJQñìOADCKVWþ JQPYPYìkýNKPYìkM>PYAë$ìÿ”ADIKCKM ð!RKìkC>J M~JQPJ-~JLî0òLìvP

JQññ0T Lìkü6JQPJOCFAªMFì¸JLCKM TÌPü6MKìküYPTWCKJQPTÌADC JLMKMFñìkü0üTWü6CKALPKñìküìkCÈPÃTWC"PRFìÖCFAˆMKì°uüñADIFPTXCFEPJQë~VÌìó”ALñ

üYADVWTXM JQññ0Acð TWCKMKTXîvJQPYìküÖJL,UG é .=ýìküüJQELìÆüYìkC7PÊë7þ JCKAˆMFì´ð!TÌPR TÌPüÖP‚þh$ì"CFìˆPÊPYA PRFìJQññAtðù

JLCKM>PRFìOMKJLüR>VWTWCFìTWü¸IKüYìkM PYAîzADCKCFìkîzPÄP‚ðBA CFAªMFìküHðRKTWî0R>îvJLC>îzADýHýÃIKCKTWîvJQPYìð!TÌPR ìkJLî]R>ALPRKìvñ)

õ-RKTXü¸ìFJLý+~VÌì@KñAFˆTXMFìküÄJLCTWC7PYñAªMKIKîzPTÌADC PYA PRFìw,UG é .=ñADIKPTWCFE ýHìkî0RKJLCKTXüýHüÊMFìC~CFìkM TWC ÷3*tûH

õ-RFìñ0ADIFPYììkCÈPYñ0þMKìküîzñ0TÌë$ìkMJQë$ALì¸TWü¿ñ0ìKñìküYìkC7PYìkM JLüJ@$0ePI~VÌìHTWCPRKìHýAˆMKìkV-ómüYìvì "ˆìkîzPTÌADC2(hWøcö¥

;na5

In document View of Seventh Workshop and Tutorial on Practical Use of Coloured Petri Nets and the CPN Tools, Aarhus, Denmark, October 24-26, 2006 (Sider 38-44)