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Øvelse 4.2 Darwin-sitet På adressen http://darwin-online.org.uk

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Hvad er matematik? 1

ISBN 978 87 7066 827 9

website: link fra Kapitel 4, Eksponentielle vækstmodeller, afsnit 1

© 2017 L&R Uddannelse A/S • Vognmagergade 11 • DK-1148 • København K • Tlf: 43503030 • Email: info@lru.dk

Øvelse 4.2 Darwin-sitet

På adressen http://darwin-online.org.uk kan man finde Darwins samlede værker i alle udgaver. Man kan her finde oversættelser til dansk, hvor dette er lavet, man kan finde breve, optegnelser, illustrationer mv. Meget af materialet er kommenteret.

Nedenfor er blot vist nogle af de mange muligheder, materialet giver.

Darwins påvirkning af litteratur og kunst

Man kan fx hente den første oversættelse til dansk af Arternes oprindelse, der blev oversat af forfatteren I.P. Jacobsen. Vær opmærksom på, at det er store filer, fx fylder pdf-filen til denne over 150 mb.

I.P.Jakobsen blev selv meget påvirket af Darwin, og en diskussion heraf indgår ofte i danskfagets arbejde med romanen Niels Lyhne, noveller som Mogens, eller fortællingen om Fru Marie Grubbe.

I.P.Jakobsen var den centrale skikkelse i den strømning som eftertiden betegnede naturalismen. I din litteraturhistorie kan du læse mere om dette.

Tidskriftet Geoviden har i et særnummer 2009, 4 om Darwin en artikel om de forskellige samtidige danske forfatteres og kunstneres holdning til Darwin. Tidskriftet kan hentes her.

Darwin og Charles Lyell

Hjemmesiden indeholder et væld af materialer i tilknytning til Darwin, både om hans forudsætninger og om hans arvtagere. Ved at anvende søgemekanismen kan man fx finde

Charles Lyells værker om Geologiens Principper (Principles of Geology), som Darwin havde med på rejsen, og som han fik tilsendt nye bind af, efterhånden som de udkom. Læsning af Charles Lyell plantede udviklingstanken hos Darwin. I faget naturgeografi kan man hente yderligere viden om de geologiske teorier om Jordens udvikling.

Tidskriftet Geoviden har udgivet to særnumre om Darwin, 2009, 4 og 2010, 1. I det første er der en artikel om den betydning, Charles Lyells nyudkomne og dengang kontroversielle bog fik for

Darwins tænkning. I det andet er der en særskilt artikel om Charles Lyell. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) regnes for at være den moderne geologis grundlægger. Dette tidsskrift kan hentes her.

(2)

Hvad er matematik? 1

ISBN 978 87 7066 827 9

website: link fra Kapitel 4, Eksponentielle vækstmodeller, afsnit 1

© 2017 L&R Uddannelse A/S • Vognmagergade 11 • DK-1148 • København K • Tlf: 43503030 • Email: info@lru.dk

Darwin og Malthus

Tilsvarende kan man ved at anvende søgemekanismen finde Thomas Malthus værk med den lange titel: An essay on the principle of population; or, a view of its past and present effects on human happiness; with an inquiry into our prospects respecting the future removal or mitigation of the evils which it occasions. Vi kalder den kort for On population. Læsning af Mathus gav Darwin forestillingen om, hvilken mekanisme der driver udviklingen frem, så arter går under og andre blomstrer op. I værket skriver Malthus på s 6-10:

The rate according to which the productions of the earth may be supposed to increase, it will not be so easy to determine. Of this, however, we may be perfectly certain, that the ratio of their increase in a limited territory must be of a totally different nature from the ratio of the increase of population. A thousand millions are just as easily doubled every twenty-five years by the power of population as a thousand. But the food to support the increase from the greater number will by no means be obtained with the same facility. Man is necessarily confined in room. When acre has been added to acre till all the fertile land is occupied, the yearly increase of food must depend upon the melioration of the land already in possession. This is a fund, which, from the nature of all soils, instead of increasing, must be gradually diminishing. But population, could it be supplied with food, would go on with unexhausted vigour; and the increase of one period would furnish the power of a greater increase the next, and this without any limit.

(herefter giver Malthus et tankeeksperiment med en befolkning på en ø, og bruger dette som et billede på den begrænsede klode vi bor på, og konkluderer:)

Taking the whole earth, instead of this island, emigration would of course be excluded; and, supposing the present population equal to a thousand millions, the human species would increase as the numbers, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, and subsistence as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6,7, 8, 9. In two centuries the population would be to the means of subsistence as 256 to 9; in three centuries as 4096 to 13, and in two thousand years the difference would be almost incalculable.

In this supposition no limits whatever are placed to the produce of the earth. It may increase for ever and be greater than any assignable quantity; yet still the power of population being in every period so much superior, the increase of the human species can only be kept down to the level of the means of subsistence by the constant operation of the strong law of necessity, acting as a check upon the greater power.

Øvelse

Giv en beskrivelse med matematiske begreber af, hvad det er Darwin her opdager, som giver ham en af de forklaringer han leder efter.

Film

I Henrik Kragh Sørensens film, Historien om logistisk vækst (udg af Hvad er matematik), som ligger frit tilgængelig på gymportalen, er der en fortælling om Malthus model og om opgøret med den.

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