3 Provisional emission inventory of particulate emissions
3.2 Stationary combustion plants
Emission inventory of PM from combustion plants is shown on a more detailed snap level in Ta-ble A1-4 and in Figure A1-4 – Figure A1-6. The primary sources of emission are discussed in the following chapters. The most important sources are:
♦ Residential boilers and stoves (snap 0202)
♦ Public power plants (snap 0101)
♦ District heating plants (snap 0102)
♦ Manufacturing industry, combustion in boilers, gas turbines and stationary engines (snap 0301)
Table A1-4 Emission inventory of combustion plants year 2000, snap -2 level
snap1 snap1 name snap2 snap2 name TSP
Tonnes PM10
Tonnes PM2.5
Tonnes
0101 Public power 910 859 705
0102 District heating plants 676 361 301
0103 Petroleum refining plants 0 0 0
0104 Solid fuel transformation plants 0 0 0
01 COMBUSTION IN EN-ERGY AND TRANS-FORMATION INDUS-TRY
0105 Coal mining, oil / gas extraction, pipeline compressors 3 3 3 0201 Commercial and institutional plants (t) 178 178 163
0202 Residential plants 2017 1933 1837
02 NON-INDUSTRIAL COMBUSTION PLANTS
0203 Plants in agriculture, forestry and aquaculture 135 134 130 0301 Comb. in boilers, gas turbines and stationary engines 923 507 416 03 COMBUSTION IN
MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRY 0303 Processes with contact 294 294 244
Total Stationary combustion plants 5135 4269 3798
Public power 18%
District heating plants 13%
Industrial comb. in boilers, gas turbines and stationary engines 18%
Processes with contact 6%
Plants in agriculture, forestry and aquaculture 3%
Residential plants 39%
Commercial and institutional plants (t) 3%
Figure A1-4 TSP emission of stationary combustion plants
Public power 20%
District heating plants 8%
Processes with contact 7%
Plants in agriculture, forestry and aquaculture 3%
Residential plants 46%
Commercial and institutional plants (t) 4%
Industrial comb. in boilers, gas turbines and stationary engines 18%
Figure A1-5 PM10 emission of stationary combustion plants
Public power 19%
District heating plants 8%
Processes with contact 6%
Plants in agriculture, forestry and aquaculture 3%
Residential plants 49%
Commercial and institutional plants (t) 4%
Industrial comb. in boilers, gas turbines and stationary engines 18%
Figure A1-6 PM2.5 emission of stationary combustion plants
3.2.1 Residential plants, snap 0202
Residential plants, snap 0202, include stoves and boilers using various fuels. These plants are the predominant source of particulate emission from stationary combustion plants. Figure A1-7 shows fuel consumption of residential plants and Figure A1-8 shows the emission share of each fuel. It appears that combustion of wood is the primary emission source in spite of the limited consump-tion of this fuel. Emission of PM2.5 from wood burning residential plants makes up a total of 42% of emission from all stationary combustion plants in Denmark, however the accuracy of emission factors for residential wood combustion is low.
WOOD AND SIMIL.
16%
GAS OIL 40%
KEROSENE 0%
NATURAL GAS 38%
AGRICUL.
WASTES 5%
RESIDUAL OIL 0%
LPG 1%
Figure A1-7 Fuel consumption of residential plants
WOOD AND SIMIL.
89%
GAS OIL 8%
STEAM COAL 0%
PETROLEUM COKE AGRICUL. WASTES 0%
3%
NATURAL GAS 0%
Figure A1-8 PM2.5 emission from residential plants
3.2.2 Power plants and CHP plants, snap 0101
Emission of PM2.5 from large power plants (>50MW) account for approximately 90% of the total emission from power plants and CHP plants (Figure A1-9). Measurements of TSP emission are usually available from power plants. In the inventories PM10 and PM2.5 emissions are generally based on particulate size distribution of the fuel/snap stated by TNO.
Data from annual environmental reports of the power plants account for 86% of the TSP emissions from power plants/CHP plants. Thus emission of TSP is relatively well documented. The emission of PM10 and PM2.5 is less accurate and improvements should focus on particulate size distribution.
Combustion plants >= 50 and < 300 MW (boilers)
15%
Combustion plants
< 50 MW (boilers) 9%
Gas turbines 1%
Combustion plants >= 300 MW (boilers)
74%
Stationary engines 1%
Figure A1-9 PM2.5 emission from power plants and CHP plants snap 0101
In the annual environmental reports TSP emission is given as total for several fuels. Thus disag-gregation of emission to fuel level have not been possible. The fuel consumption of power plants
>50MW is shown in Figure A1-10. It appears that the coal share is 65%. The work was therefore focused on combustion of coal and orimulsion (other liquid fuel in Figure A1-10). PM emissions from natural gas combustion are low.
STEAM COAL 65%
NATURAL GAS 10%
BIOGAS 0%
MUNICIP. WASTES 8%
RESIDUAL OIL 2%
GAS OIL 0%
OTHER LIQ. FUEL 14%
AGRICUL. WASTES 1%
WOOD AND SIMIL.
0%
Figure A1-10 Fuel consumption of power plants > 50MW (snap 010101 and 010102)
3.2.3 Combustion in the manufacturing industry, snap 0301
Fuel consumptions of industrial boilers, gas turbines and stationary engines are shown in Figure A1-11 and in Figure A1-12 the emission share of each fuel is shown. As seen from Figure A1-12 wood and residual oil are the primary emission sources.
WOOD AND SIMIL.
10%
RESIDUAL OIL 16%
GAS OIL 4%
KEROSENE 0%
NATURAL GAS 61%
PETROLEUM COKE 0%
STEAM COAL 9%
BIOGAS 0%
Figure A1-11 Fuel consumption in industrial boilers, gas turbines and stationary engines
WOOD AND SIMIL.
63%
RESIDUAL OIL 29%
STEAM COAL 4%
GAS OIL 3%
NATURAL GAS 1%
PETROLEUM COKE 0%
Figure A1-12 PM2.5 emission from industrial boilers, gas turbines and stationary engines
3.2.4 District heating plants, snap 0102
More than 95% of the PM2.5 emission from district heating plants was registered as area sources and was disaggregated to fuel level as shown in Figure A1-14. The primary emission sources were combustion of wood and straw (agricultural wastes in Figure A1-14).
WOOD AND SIMIL.
38%
AGRICUL. WASTES 33%
RESIDUAL OIL 7%
GAS OIL 6%
NATURAL GAS 16%
STEAM COAL 0%
BIOGAS 0%
Figure A1-13 Fuel consumption in district heating plants (only area sources included)
WOOD AND SIMIL.
74%
AGRICUL. WASTES 24%
RESIDUAL OIL 1%
GAS OIL 1%
NATURAL GAS 0%
Figure A1-14 PM2.5 emission from district heating plants disaggregated to fuel level (only area sources in-cluded)
3.2.5 Large point sources
The particulate emission from large point sources of stationary combustion is shown in appendix 1.4. The main sources are Aalborg Portland and Lynetten (sewage works). The emission from mu-nicipal waste incineration plants is remarkably low. PM emissions from the Danish Steel Works (Stålvalseværket) and the oil refineries were not included in the provisional inventory.