Approaches: Roadism planning and construction mode
The construction methods and technologies of concessions became the source of urban improvement in China; early modern urban construction of China started from the transformation of Chinese-style “streets” into western-style
“roads”; the construction of western-style “roads” became a synonym of urban improvement in China during this period.
The roadism is a distinctive characteristic of urban improvement movement and an important method in the improvement practice. As the name implies, roadism indicates that the urban planning and construction should give priority to the construction of roads and road-related facilities. It is specially embodied in the broadening and straightening the existing Chinese streets into western-style roads, renovating gates, dismantling walls, land-filling moats, building round-the-city road; and naming all new streets by “road”, etc. 25.
Mechanism: From governments to civilians
In the first stage of urban improvement movement, the organizational mechanism of improvement movement still followed the traditional mode of “from the top to down”, i.e. officials advocated and took lead, and the folk society raised funds and conducted management based on the will of government authorities. even the affairs of the Road engineering Bureau which was established by imitating concessions was also operated by officials, and urban construction submitted to the strategic demands of local governments.
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RESILIENCE | VOlume 04 Planning and Heritage | Politics, Planning, Heritage and urban Space | Strategies for Small and Medium CitiesIn the second stage of urban improvement movement, along with the demand for national reform and the rising of gentry and merchants class, urban planning and construction matters began to be transferred to autonomous bodies for direction and management. They began to represent the urban construction demands of the folk society while local governments were mainly responsible for supervision and coordination. The organizational mechanism of improvement activities was transformed to the mode of “from bottom to top”.
EpILOGUE
Through the dynamic analysis of the urban improvement movement and the change of paradigm characteristics, we can know that the urban improvement movement in early modern China is the urban construction practice with a fusion of endophytism and introduction. The so-called endophytism refers to Chinese own factors;
introduction refers to the import of Western elements. It is not only affected by the cultural factors of western cities, but also maintained strong Chinese characteristics, which also the process of gestation and formation for Chinese early modern local urban planning culture.
Acknowledgements
I wish to acknowledge the considerable contribution that Xing Gao, a Ph.D. candidate student in Southeast university, made to the compilation of the paper.
Disclosure Statement
We here by declare that the reference to others’ research productions in the paper, are reflected in the endnotes.
Notes on contributor(s)
Fu Xiaoqiang, male, born in 1985. Doctor Candidate of the School of Architecture in Southeast university, Nanjing, China.
li Baihao, male, born in 1963. Professor of the School of Architecture in Southeast university,Nanjing, China. Vice-chairman and Secretary-general of Academic Committee of urban Planning History & Theory and urban Planning Society of China. His research interests are mainly in urban planning history and theory.
Endnotes
1 The generalized South Jiangsu region includes Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou. This paper defined South Jiangsu in a nar-row view.
2 Kai Gu. Research on Jiangnan garden in ming Dynasty(Nanjing: Southeast university press,2010),8.
3 The municipal Council is the administrative organization set in concession by the foreign powers in China in the late Qing Dynasty, which similar to the ministry of Works in feudal China ,so named “ the municipal council ”.
4 The traditional local administrative system of the integration of urban and rural areas is one of the reflection of the phenomenon of the ancient “ urban ruralisation ”, which was pointed out by marx. As a result, the traditional Chinese urban and rural relations have shown the
“urban and rural non differential unity” of the topography of the Asian Social phenomenon.
5 Zhiqian Zhou. State and Society: Study on the vicissitude of the urban management institutions and the legal system in the Qing Dynas-ty(Chengdu: Bashu, 2009),204.
6 South City Road engineering bureau , the first municipal authorities in China in modern sense set up in Shanghai in1985.
7 min ma, The corpus of Suzhou chamber of Commerce archives, vol.3(Wuhan: Central China Normal university , 2009),817.
8 min ma, The corpus of Suzhou chamber of Commerce archives, vol.3(Wuhan: Central China Normal university , 2009),847.
9 Kaiyuan Zhang, The corpus of Suzhou chamber of Commerce archives, vol.1(Wuhan: Central China Normal university, 1991),605.
10 Commercial bureau, a quasi-official institution for managing business affairs.
11 Ibid., No. 8.
12 min ma, The corpus of Suzhou chamber of Commerce archives, vol.3(Wuhan: Central China Normal university , 2009),844.
13 Jiangsu province Bulletin. 1913(131): 4-6.
14 Baihao li, “ The History of the Chinese modern City Planning” (postdoctoral diss, Southeast university, 2003),133.
15 liangbo Xu and Shunxing Jiang, The general history of Jiangsu: The Volume of late Qing Dynasty(NanJing: Phoenix Press, 2012),165.
16 min ma, The corpus of Suzhou chamber of Commerce archives, vol.3(Wuhan: Central China Normal university , 2009),843.
17 Ibid., No. 5.
18 “ The City Towns and Villages local self-government Regulation” Baidu baike , accessed April 1 , 2016, http://baike.baidu.com/
link?url=S4Z5HN3jsCanOGwADCmhAG14CFZD9br9euG9FiDu3qzeRGvoqRXnmoSQtF7o43_uQ5V_Wm6cZZSelxloYu9x3_
19 Shuhuai Wang, modernization in China, 1860-1916: A regional study of social,political and economic channge in kiangsu province(Taipei: Insti-tute of modern history academia sinica,1985),200.
17th IPHS Conference, Delft 2016 | HISTORY
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RESILIENCE | VOlume 04 Planning and Heritage | Politics, Planning, Heritage and urban Space | Strategies for Small and Medium Cities20 Gentry and merchants, In the late Qing Dynasty, with the capitalist germination, the traditional social structure and class of merchants have taken place fundamental changes: the merchant class began to expand; at the same time “Shi” （Chinese traditional politicians ）and “busi-ness” began to combine, formed the so-called “gentry and merchants” class.
21 Kaiyuan Zhang, The corpus of Suzhou chamber of Commerce archives, vol.1(Wuhan: Central China Normal university, 1991),12.
22 min ma, The corpus of Suzhou chamber of Commerce archives, vol.2(Wuhan: Central China Normal university, 2009),269.
23 The Confucian etiquette ideology is the embodiment of the dreams of rule by virtue, which mold people’s behavior and thought through eti-quette stereotypes and etieti-quette criteria; preserve etieti-quette authoritativeness through legal punishment.
24 Han Yang, “ Discussion about the Ideological of the Norm of li and Chinese City Planning and Construction in Contemporary era, ” South Architecture 11(2006), 77.
25 Baihao li, “ The History of the Chinese modern City Planning” (postdoctoral diss,Southeast university, 2003),12.
Bibliography
[1] Baihao li, “ The History of the Chinese modern City Planning” (postdoctoral diss, Southeast university, 2003),133.
[2] Baihao li, “ The History of the Chinese modern City Planning” (postdoctoral diss, Southeast university, 2003),12
[3] Han Yang, “ Discussion about the Ideological of the Norm of li and Chinese City Planning and Construction in Contemporary era, ” South Architecture 11(2006), 77.
[4] Jiangsu province Bulletin. 1913(131): 4-6.
[5] Kai Gu. Research on Jiangnan garden in ming Dynasty(Nanjing: Southeast university press,2010),8.
[6] Kaiyuan Zhang, The corpus of Suzhou chamber of Commerce archives, vol.1(Wuhan: Central China Normal university, 1991),605.
[7] Kaiyuan Zhang, The corpus of Suzhou chamber of Commerce archives, vol.1(Wuhan: Central China Normal university, 1991),12.
[8] liangbo Xu and Shunxing Jiang, The general history of Jiangsu: The Volume of late Qing Dynasty(NanJing: Phoenix Press, 2012),165.
[9] min ma, The corpus of Suzhou chamber of Commerce archives, vol.3(Wuhan: Central China Normal university , 2009),817.
[10] min ma, The corpus of Suzhou chamber of Commerce archives, vol.3(Wuhan: Central China Normal university , 2009),847.
[11] min ma, The corpus of Suzhou chamber of Commerce archives, vol.3(Wuhan: Central China Normal university , 2009),844.
[12] min ma, The corpus of Suzhou chamber of Commerce archives, vol.3(Wuhan: Central China Normal university , 2009),843.
[13] min ma, The corpus of Suzhou chamber of Commerce archives, vol.2(Wuhan: Central China Normal university, 2009),269.
[14] Shuhuai Wang, modernization in China, 1860-1916: A regional study of social,political and economic channge in kiangsu province(Taipei: Insti-tute of modern history academia sinica,1985),200.
[15] Zhiqian Zhou. State and Society: Study on the vicissitude of the urban management institutions and the legal system in the Qing Dynas-ty(Chengdu: Bashu, 2009),204.
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RESILIENCE | VOlume 04 Planning and Heritage | Politics, Planning, Heritage and urban Space | Strategies for Small and Medium Cities17th IPHS Conference, Delft 2016 | HISTORY
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Heritage
Chair: José Manuel Fernandes
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RESILIENCE | VOlume 04 Planning and Heritage | Politics, Planning, Heritage and urban Space | Heritage17th IPHS Conference, Delft 2016 | HISTORY
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RESILIENCE | VOlume 04 Planning and Heritage | Politics, Planning, Heritage and urban Space | Heritage
The Bairro Residencial de Nova Oeiras (Nova Oeiras Neighbourhood unit / BRNO) stands in the surroundings of lisbon, capital city of Portugal, as one of the most qualified and active built communities in the country.
Case study: Given the confirmed quality of the neighbourhood unit, the Oeiras municipality started a restoration program for its buildings and public spaces (since 2002); matured, approved and published an official regulation plan (2012); and organized a proposal for the application of BRNO for uNeSCO Word Heritage list (2014), now being analyzed by the Portuguese uNeSCO working group. The edition of the bilingual “The Nova Oeiras Book / O livro de Nova Oeiras” (2015, CmO ed., 203pp.), organizing all available data, completes this project, now being presented.
main characteristics and stucture: In fact Nova Oeiras houses about 2.000 people, between residents and workers, in a modern design urban environment (40 ha), regards the “Athens Charter” le Corbusier – modern movement theory of the 1930´s in its core or nucleous (with 3 slab blocks and 6 point towers around a central plaza) and follows the “Garden City” principles of Howard´s 1900 document, with an area of family houses and private gardens around it. At the same time, Nova Oeiras represent a perfect and balanced neighbourhood unit example, as an application of the model proposed by Clarence Perry for the uSA cities of the 1920´s.
Historical and cultural significance: Global BRNO design reflects the great theoretical movements of euro-american urbanism and built culture of the 20th century – and at the same time, offers great originality in its “mixed model/pattern”, which is highlighted by the rarity of the existence today of this type of urban-architectural unit complex around the world.
BRNO diversity of space and form tried to articulate modern architecture & modern town planning mainly influenced by northern europe typologies (isolated blocks and towers, in concrete), with the southern europe urban tradition of patios and squares – the whole being framed by a creative landscape made up of native mediterranean vegetal species.
BRNO also articulates the terrain continuity with the historical and cultural landmarks of its surrounding environment (Baroque Palace and gardens of the marquis of Pombal; Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation Science research center; Oeiras medieval urban center; Agricultural research State centre).
main conclusions: BRNO´s universal value as a landscape, architectural and urban paramount, must be emphasized – at the same time, explaining as this site is sustained in an overall manner by the support and adhesion of its living community, showing a strong sense of local participation and initiative. In fact, continuous community action is being developed by the local Residents Association (since 2005).
Authenticity and Integrity of BRNO site will be presented, as well as the aspects regarding the municipal head management, with several and planned restoration works done in public spaces and buildings, with civic and cultural initiatives (GAlNOV, the local service cabinet to attend population projects; ReNOV, the annual reward to the best private restoration projects, etc.).
Keywords
Neighbourhood unit, modern Athens Charter, Garden City