GHG
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
1990 1995 2000 2005
Emission, Tg (CO2 eq.)
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
CH4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
1990 1995 2000 2005
CH4 [Gg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
CO2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
1990 1995 2000 2005
CO2 [Tg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
N2O
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
1990 1995 2000 2005
N2O [Gg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
Figure 35 Time-series for greenhouse gas emission, 1A1 Energy industries.
SO2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
1990 1995 2000 2005
SO2 [Gg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
NMVOC
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
1990 1995 2000 2005
NMVOC [Gg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
NOx
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
1990 1995 2000 2005
NOx [Gg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
CO
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1990 1995 2000 2005
CO [Gg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
Figure 36 Time-series for SO2, NOx, NMVOC and CO emission, 1A1 Energy industries.
TSP
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
TSP [Gg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
PM2.5
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
PM2.5 [Gg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
PM10
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
PM10 [Gg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
Figure 37 Time-series for PM emission, 1A1 Energy industries.
As
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4
1990 1995 2000 2005
As [Mg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
Ni
0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0
1990 1995 2000 2005
Ni [Mg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
Cd
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
1990 1995 2000 2005
Cd [Mg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
Pb
0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0
1990 1995 2000 2005
Pb [Mg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
Cr
0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0
1990 1995 2000 2005
Cr [Mg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
Ni
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5
1990 1995 2000 2005
Ni [Mg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
Cu
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5
1990 1995 2000 2005
Cu [Mg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
Zn
0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0 18,0
1990 1995 2000 2005
Zn [Mg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
Hg
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
1990 1995 2000 2005
Hg [Mg]
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining
$D(OHFWULFLW\DQGKHDWSURGXFWLRQ
Public electricity and heat production is the largest source category re-garding both fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions for sta-tionary combustion. Figure 40 shows the time-series for fuel consump-tion and emissions of the pollutants included in the reporting to the Climate Convention.
The fuel consumption in electricity and heat production was 14 % higher in 2007 than in 1990. As discussed in Chapter 3 the fuel con-sumption fluctuates mainly as a consequence of electricity trade. Coal is the fuel that is affected the most by the fluctuating electricity trade.
Coal is the main fuel in the source category even in years with electric-ity import. The coal consumption in 2007 was 22 % lower than in 1990.
Natural gas is also an important fuel and the consumption of natural
Benzo(a)pyrene
0,000 0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008 0,010 0,012 0,014
1990 1995 2000 2005
PAH, Mg
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
0,000 0,010 0,020 0,030 0,040 0,050 0,060
1990 1995 2000 2005
PAH, Mg
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
0,000 0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008 0,010 0,012 0,014 0,016 0,018
1990 1995 2000 2005
PAH, Mg
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene
0,000 0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008 0,010 0,012 0,014 0,016
1990 1995 2000 2005
PAH, Mg
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy Industries
Dioxin
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
1990 1995 2000 2005
Dioxin, g I-Tec.
1A1a Public electricity and heat production 1A1b Petroleum refining 1A1c Other energy industries 1A1 Energy industries
HCB
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0
1990 1995 2000 2005
HCB, kg
1A1a Public electricity and heat production
Figure 39 Time-series for PAH, dioxin and HCB emission, 1A1 Energy industries.
part of the natural gas is combusted in gas engines (Figure 34). The consumption of municipal waste and biomass has increased.
The CO2 emission was 9 % lower in 2007 than in 1990. This decrease – in spite of a higher fuel consumption - is a result of the change of fuel discussed above.
For CH4 the emission increase until the mid-nineties is a result of the considerable number of lean-burn gas engines installed in CHP plants in Denmark in this period. The decline in later years is due to structural changes in the Danish electricity market, which means that the fuel consumption in gas engines has been decreasing (Figure 34). The emis-sion in 2007 was 8.5 times the 1990 emisemis-sion level.
The N2O emission was 17 % higher in 2007 than in 1990. The emission fluctuates similar to the fuel consumption.
The SO2 emission has decreased 93 % since 1990. This decrease is a re-sult of both lower sulphur content in fuels and installation and im-proved performance of desulphurisation plants.
The NOx emission has decreased 63 % due to installation of low NOx
burners, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) units and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) units. The fluctuations in time-series follow the fluctuations in fuel consumption and electricity trade.
The emission of NMVOC in 2007 was 2.7 times the 1990 emission level.
This is a result of the large number of gas engines that has been in-stalled in Danish CHP plants as mentioned above.
The CO emission has increased 11 % since 1990. The fluctuations follow the fluctuations of the fuel consumption. In addition the emission from gas engines is considerable.
Fuel consumption, PJ SO2, Mg
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Fuel consumption, PJ
COAL REFINERY GAS LPG ORIMULSION GAS OIL RESIDUAL OIL PETROLEUM COKE NATURAL GAS MUNICIP. WASTES BIOGAS FISH & RAPE OIL STRAW WOOD
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000 200000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1a Public electricity and heat production
CO2 , Gg NOx, Mg
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1a Public electricity and heat production
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1a Public electricity and heat production
CH4 , Mg NMVOC, Mg
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1a Public electricity and heat production
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1a Public electricity and heat production
N2O , Mg CO , Mg
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1a Public electricity and heat production
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1a Public electricity and heat production
Figure 40 Time-series for 1A1a Electricity and heat production
$E3HWUROHXPUHILQLQJ
Petroleum refining is a small source category regarding both fuel con-sumption and greenhouse gas emissions for stationary combustion.
There are presently only two refineries operating in Denmark. Figure 41 shows the time-series for fuel consumption and emissions.
The significant decrease in both fuel consumption and emissions in 1996 is a result of the closure of a refinery.
The fuel consumption has increased 10 % since 1990 and the CO2 emis-sion has increased 8 %.
The reduction in CH4 emission from 1995 to 1999 is due to a combina-tion of the closure of a refinery and a change of emission factor.
The N2O emission has increased 12 %.
The SO2 emission has decreased 88 % and the NOx emission increased 9
%. In recent years data for both SO2 and NOx are plant specific data stated by the refineries.
Fuel consumption, PJ SO2, Mg
0 5 10 15 20 25
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Fuel consumption, PJ
REFINERY GAS LPG GAS OIL RESIDUAL OIL
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1b Petroleum refining
CO2 , Gg NOx, Mg
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1b Petroleum refining
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1b Petroleum refining
CH4 , Mg NMVOC, Mg
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1b Petroleum refining
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1b Petroleum refining
N2O , Mg CO , Mg
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1b Petroleum refining
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1b Petroleum refining
Figure 41 Time-series for 1A1b Petroleum refining.
$F2WKHUHQHUJ\LQGXVWULHV
The source category 2WKHUHQHUJ\LQGXVWULHV comprises natural gas con-sumption in the off-shore industry. Gas turbines are the main plant type. Figure 42 shows the time-series for fuel consumption and emis-sions.
The fuel consumption in 2007 was three times the consumption in 1990.
The CO2 emission follows the fuel consumption and the emission in 2007 was also three times the emission in 1990.
The two main sources for CH4 emission in 2007 was off-shore gas tur-bines and biogas fuelled gas engines. The increase in emission from 2003 to 2006 is due to an increase in biogas consumption in gas engines.
The CH4 emission factor for biogas fuelled gas engines (323 g/GJ) is much higher than emission factors for off-shore gas turbines (1.5 g/GJ) and this causes the increase in CH4 emission despite the low consump-tion of biogas in this emission source category.
The emissions from other pollutants follow the increase of fuel con-sumption.
Fuel consumption, PJ SO2, Mg
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Fuel consumption, PJ
GAS OIL NATURAL GAS BIOGAS
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1c Other energy industries
CO2 , Gg NOx, Mg
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1c Other energy industries
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1c Other energy industries
CH4 , Mg NMVOC, Mg
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1c Other energy industries
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1c Other energy industries
N2O , Mg CO , Mg
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1c Other energy industries
0 50 100 150 200 250
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1A1c Other energy industries
Figure 42 Time-series for 1A1c Other energy industries.
$,QGXVWU\
Manufacturing industries and construction (Industry) consists of both stationary and mobile sources. In this chapter only stationary sources are included.
Figure 43-48 show the time-series for fuel consumption and emissions.
The data have not been disaggregated to industrial subcategories due to the fact that the Danish inventory is based on data for the industrial plants as a whole. Disaggregation to subcategories for the reporting to the Climate Convention is discussed in Chapter 13.8.
The total fuel consumption in industrial combustion has been rather stable since 1990; the consumption has increased 7 %. However, the consumption of gas has increased whereas the consumption of coal has decreased. The consumption of residual oil has decreased, but the con-sumption of petroleum coke increased. The biomass part of fuel have not changed considerably since 1990.
The GHG emission and the CO2 emission are both rather stable follow-ing the small fluctuations in fuel consumption. In spite of the 7 % in-crease of fuel consumption the CO2 emission in 2007 was almost the same as in 1990 due to the change of fuels.
The CH4 emission has increased from 1995-2000 and decreased again from 2004 onwards. In 2007 the emission was 43 % higher than in 1990.
The CH4 emission follows the consumption of natural gas in gas en-gines. Most industrial CHP plants based on gas engines came in opera-tion during 1995 to 1999. The decrease in later years is a result of the liberalisation of the electricity market.
The N2O emission follows the small fluctuations of the fuel consump-tion in industrial plants. In 2007 the emission was 2 % higher than in 1990.
The SO2 emission has decreased 57 % since 1990. This is mainly a result of lower consumption of residual oil in the industrial sector. Further the sulphur content of residual oil and several other fuels has de-creased since 1990 due to legislation and tax laws.
The NOx emission fluctuations follow the fuel consumption in the ce-ment production. However, the NOx emission has decreased 15 % since 1990 due to the reduced emission from industrial boilers in general.
The NMVOC emission has decreased 9 % since 1990. The decrease is a result of decreased emission from boilers due to the decrease of coal consumption that has a relatively high emission of NMVOC compared to other fuels. The emission from gas engines has however increased considerably after 1995 due to the increased fuel consumption that is a result of the installation of a large number of industrial CHP plants.
The NMVOC emission factor for gas engines are much higher than for emission factors for boilers regardless of the fuel.
The CO emission in 2007 was 15 % lower than in 1990. The main source of emission is combustion in mineral wool production. This emission follows the fuel comsumption in the mineral wool production plants.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Fuel consumption, PJ
1A2 Industry
Total
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Fuel consumption, PJ
Biomass Gas Liquid Solid
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Fuel consumption, PJ
COKE OVEN COKE BROWN COAL BRI.
COAL REFINERY GAS LPG KEROSENE GAS OIL RESIDUAL OIL PETROLEUM COKE NATURAL GAS MUNICIP. WASTES BIOGAS FISH & RAPE OIL SEWAGE SLUDGE STRAW WOOD
Fuel consumption in natural gas fuelled engines Fuel consumption, residual oil
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Fuel consumption in natural gas fuelled gas engines, PJ
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Residual oil consumption in industrial plants, PJ
Figure 43 Time-series for fuel consumption,1A2 Industry.
GHG
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1990 1995 2000 2005
Emission, Tg (CO2 eq.)
1A2 Industry
CH4
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8
1990 1995 2000 2005
Emission, Gg
1A2 Industry
CO2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1990 1995 2000 2005
CO2 emission, Tg
1A2 Industry
N2O
0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,10 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18
1990 1995 2000 2005
Emission, Gg
1A2 Industry
Figure 44 Time-series for greenhouse gas emission, 1A2 Industry.
SO2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
1990 1995 2000 2005
Emission, Gg
1A2 Industry
NMVOC
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
1990 1995 2000 2005
Emission, Gg
1A2 Industry
NOx
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
1990 1995 2000 2005
Emission, Gg
1A2 Industry
CO
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0
1990 1995 2000 2005
Emission, Gg
1A2 Industry
Figure 45 Time-series for SO2, NOx, NMVOC and CO emission, 1A2 Industry.
TSP
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
PM [Gg]
1A2 Industry
PM2.5
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
PM [Gg]
1A2 Industry
PM10
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
PM [Gg]
1A2 Industry
Figure 46 Time-series for PM emission, 1A2 Industry.
As
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45
1990 1995 2000 2005
Emission, Mg
1A2 Industry
Ni
0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0
1990 1995 2000 2005
Emission, Mg
1A2 Industry
Cd
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40
1990 1995 2000 2005
Emission, Mg
1A2 Industry
Pb
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0
1990 1995 2000 2005
Emission, Mg
1A2 Industry
Cr
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8
1990 1995 2000 2005
Emission, Mg
1A2 Industry
Se
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
1990 1995 2000 2005
Emission, Mg
1A2 Industry
Cu
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6
1990 1995 2000 2005
Emission, Mg
1A2 Industry
Zn
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0
1990 1995 2000 2005
Emission, Mg
1A2 Industry
Hg
0,0 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,3
1990 1995 2000 2005
Emission, Mg