Page 109 of 181
9. Limitations & suggestions for
Page 110 of 181
very project-specific approach adopted by the municipality when collaborating with urban gardeners25 could be due to to the fact that the analyzed innovation is significantly land-dependent. In fact, land is to be regarded not only as a scarce resource, but also as a highly regulated asset. The latter implies that for the social innovation in question, institutionalization and formal policy support is crucial for the diffusion of the social innovation. This might not be the case for a social innovation that is in nature less dependent on highly regulated assets or contended resources such as public land in the context of increasing urban densification/ development.
Therefore, we believe that a conclusive study with a larger sample of social innovators working in different policy domains should be performed in order to test the generalizability of our elaborated framework.
A second main limitation of our investigation concerns the proposed conclusion.
As previously mentioned, we recommend the implementation of an open platform regulated by the municipality and conceived as an arena for collaborative exchange of resources, with the precise objective of strengthening ties among the different actors in order for social innovation to diffuse. Although such platform is suggested to redesign current governance arrangements in order to support the diffusion of a social innovation, further research would be required as to gain an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of this platform (e.g. incentive for usage, architecture, design) and empirically experiment its actual adoption and usage.
25 See section 7.5
Page 111 of 181
References:
Adler S. & Kwon S. (2002). Social Capital: Prospects for a New Concept.
Academy of Management Review. Vol. 27, Issue 1, Pp.17-40.
Agger, A., Roy, P. & Leonardsen, O. (2016). Sustaining area-based initiatives by developing appropriate “anchors”: the role of social capital. Planning, Theory
& Practice. Vol. 17, Issue 3, Pp. 325-343.
Ahuja, G. (2000). Collaboration networks, structural holes, and innovation: a longitudinal study. Administrative Science Quarterly. Vol. 45, Issue 3, Pp. 425-455.
Ambrose-Oji, B., Carter, C., Lawrence A. & Moseley, A. (2011). UK Planning Systems: Integrating Woodlands and Trees - A scoping study. Centre for Human and Ecological Sciences, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, UK.
Anttiroiko A. (2016) City-as-a-Platform: Towards citizen-centred platform governance. RSA Winter Conference 2016 on New Pressures on Cities and Regions
Archer, D. and Cameron, A. (2008) Collaborative Leadership: How to Succeed in an Interconnected World. Oxford: Elsevier.
Arts, B., Leroy, P. & Van Tatenhove J. (2006). Political modernisation and policy arrangements: a framework for understanding environmental policy change.
Public Organization Review, Vol. 6, Issue 2, Pp. 93-106.
Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research, Vol. 1, Issue 3, Pp. 385-403.
Bellamy, C. and Taylor, J. A. (1998). Governing in the Information Age. Open University Press.
BEPA (2010). Empowering People, Driving Change. Social Innovation in the European Union. Brussels: Bureau of European Policy Advisers and European Commission.
Bovaird, T. and Loeffler, E. (2012) ‘From Engagement to Co-production: How Users and Communities Contribute to Public Services’, in V. Pestoff, T.
Brandsen and B. Verschuere (eds), New Public Governance, the Third Sector and Co-production. London: Routledge, pp. 35–60.Camiero, R. (1967). Herbert Spencer: The Evolution of Society. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method.
Qualitative Research Journal, Vol. 9 Issue: 2, Pp.27-40.
Page 112 of 181
Bloom, P., Chatterji, K. (2009). Scaling Social Entrepreneurial Impact. California Management Review, Vol.51, Issue 3, Pp.114-133.
Buijs, A. E., Mattijssen, T., Van der Jagt, A., Ambrose-Oji, B., Andersson, E., Elands, B., Moller, M. S. (2016). Active citizenship for urban green infrastructure: fostering the diversity and dynamics of citizen contributions through mosaic governance. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, Vol. 22, Pp. 1-6.
Burt, R. (2004). Structural holes and good ideas. American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 110, Issue 2, Pp. 349-399.
Colding, J. & Barthel, S. (2013). The potential of 'Urban Green Commons' in the resilience building of cities. Ecological Economics. Vol. 86, Issue 1, Pp. 156-166.
Darwans, V. & Alter, K. (2009). The four lenses strategic framework: toward an integrated social enterprise methodology. Yale School of Management and Goldman Sachs Foundation: Partnership on Nonprofit Ventures.
Davies, C., Hansen, R., Rall, E., Pauleit, S., Lafortezza, R., De Bellis, Y., Santos, A., Tosics, I., (2016). Green infrastructure planning and implementation - the status of European green space planning and implementation based on an analysis of selected European city-regions, Green Surge Copenhagen.
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks :SAGE.
Dorado, S. (2005). Institutional entrepreneurship, partaking, and convening.
Organization Studies. Vol. 26, Issue 3, Pp. 385–414.
Eggermont, H., et al., (2015). Nature-based Solutions: new influence for environmental management and research in Europe. GAIA - Ecol. Perspect.
Sci. Soc. Vol. 24, Issue 4, Pp. 243–248.
Ely, A., Smith, A., Stirling, A., Leach, M. & Scoones, I., (2013). Innovation politics post Rio +20: hybrid pathways to sustainability? Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, Vol. 31, Pp. 1063–1081.
Ernwein, M. (2014). Framing urban gardening and agriculture: On space, scale and the public. Geoforum, Vol. 56, Issue 1, Pp. 77-86.
Firth, C., D. Maye and D. Pearson (2011). Developing “community” in community gardens. Local environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability. Vol. 16, Issue 6, Pp. 555-568.
Fountain, J. E. (2001). Building the Virtual State: Information, Technology and Institutional Change. Brookings Institution Press: Washington DC.
Page 113 of 181
Ghose, R. & Pettygrove, M. (2014). Actors and networks in urban community garden development. Geoforum, Vol. 53, Pp. 93-103.
Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 81. Pp. 1287–1303.
Guba, E. G. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105-117). Sage: London.
Hackworth, J., (2007). The Neoliberal City. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
Hajer, M. (1995). The politics of environmental discourse ecological modernization and the policy process. Oxford University Press.
Hajer, M. (2011). The Energetic Society: In search of a governance philosophy for a clean economy. Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency: The Hague
Hajer, M., Nilsson, M., Raworth, K., Bakker, P., Berkhout, F., de Boer, Y., Rockstrom, J., Ludwig, K. & Kok, M. (2015). Beyond cockpit-ism: four insights to enhance the transformative potential of the sustainable development goals.
Sustainability, Vol.7, Pp. 1651–1660.
Hansen, D., Bertot J., (2014). Civic action brokering platforms: facilitating local engagement with ACTion Alexandria.. Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work & social computing, February 15-19, 2014, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Hartley, J. (2005). Innovation in Governance and Public Service: Past and Present. Public Money & Management 25 (1): 27–34
Hartley, J., Sørensen, E. and Torfing, J. (2013) ‘Collaborative Innovation: A Viable Alternative to Market-Competition and Organizational Entrepreneurship?’, Public Administration Review, 73 (6): 821–30.
Hughes, O. E. (2012). Public Management and Administration. Palgrave.
Janssen, M. & Estevez, E. (2013). Lean government and platform-based governance—Doing more with less. Government Information Quarterly. Vol. 30, Pp. S1-S8.
Karppinen, K. & Moe, H. (2012). What We Talk about When We Talk about Document Analysis. Trends in Communication Policy Research: New Theories, Methods and Subjects. Intellect.
Kearns, A. & Paddison,R. (2000). New Challenges for Urban Governance.
Urban Studies, Vol. 37, No. 5–6, 845–850, 2000
Page 114 of 181
Kim, J. & K.R. Kaplan (2004). Physical and Psychological Factors in Sense of Community: New Urbanism Kentlands and Nearby Orchard Village.
Environment and Behavior, Vol. 36, Pp.313-340.
Krasny, M. & Tidball (2009). Applying a resilience systems framework to urban environmental education. Environmental Education Research. Vol. 15, Issue 4, Pp. 465-482.
Kvale, S. (2007). Doing interviews. The SAGE Qualitative Research Kit.
SAGE:London.
Landry, C. (2006). The Art of City Making. London: Routledge.
Layne, K. & Lee, J. (2001). Developing fully functional E-government: A four stage model. Government Information Quarterly. Vol. 18, Issue 2, Pp. 122-136.
Lettice, F & Parekh, M. (2010): The social innovation process: themes, challenges and implications for practice. In International Journal of Technology Management 51 (1), pp. 139–158.
Linders, D. (2011). From e-government to we-government: Defining a typology for citizen coproduction in the age of social media. Government Information Quarterly. Vol. 29, Issue 1, Pp. 446-454.
Levkoe, C. (2006). Learning democracy through food justice movements.
Agriculture and Human Values. Vol. 23, Issue 1, Pp. 89-98.
Louv, R. (2006). Last child in the woods: Saving our children from nature-deficit disorder. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill.
Lovell, S. T. (2010). Multifunctional Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Land Use Planning in the United States. Sustainability. Vol. 2, Issue 8, Pp. 2499-2522.
Lundvall, B.-A. (ed.) (1992) National Systems of Innovation. Toward a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. London and New York: Anthem Press.
Lyson T. A. (2004). Civic Agriculture: Reconnecting Farm, Food, and Community. Medford, MA: Tufts University Press.
Maguire, S., C. Hardy, and T. Lawrence. (2004). Institutional entrepreneurship in emerging fields: HIV/AIDS treatment advocacy in Canada. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 47, Issue 5, Pp. 657-679.
Malhotra, N. K. (2012). Marketing research: An applied orientation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Mariello, A. (2007). The Five Stages of Successful Innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review.
Page 115 of 181
Mattijssen, J. M., Bheagel, J. H. & Buijs, A. E. (2015). How democratic innovations realise democratic goods. Two case studies of area committees in the Netherlands. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. Vol. 58, Issue 6, Pp. 997-1014.
Meijer, A. & Bolivar, M (2016). Governing the smart city: a review of the literature on smart urban governance. International Review of Administrative Science.
Moulaert, F. & Ailenei, O. (2005). Social Economy, Third Sector and Solidarity Relations: A Conceptual Synthesis from History to Present. Urban Studies. Pp 2044
Moulaert, F., MacCallum, D., Mehmood, A. & Hamdouch, A. (2014) ‘General Introduction: The Return of Social Innovation as a Scientific Concept and a Social Practice’, in Moulaert, F.,Mulgan, G. (2010) ‘Measuring Social Value’, Stanford Social Innovation Review, Summer: 38–43.
Mulgan, G., Tucker, S., Ali, R. & Sanders, B. (2007). Social Innovation. What it is, why it matters and how it can be accelerated. Oxford Said Business School - Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship.
Moore, M., & F. Westley. (2011). Surmountable chasms: networks and social innovation for resilient systems. Ecology and Society 16(1):5.
Mumford, M.D. & Moertl, P. (2003) ‘Cases of Social Innovation: Lessons from Two Innovations in the 20th Century’, Creativity Research Journal, 15 (2–3):
261–66
Nambisan, S (2008). Transforming Government through Collaborative Innovation. Public Manager.
Nicholls, A. & Murdock, A. (eds) (2012) Social Innovation: Blurring Boundaries to Reconfigure Markets. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Nicholls, A., Simon, J. & Gabriel, M. (2016). New Frontiers in Social Innovation Research. Palgrave Macmillan.
Nikolaïdou, S., Klöti, T., Tappert, S. & Drilling, M. (2016). Urban Gardening and Green Space Governance: Towards New Collaborative Planning Practices.
Urban Planning, Vol. 1, Issue 1, Pp. 5-19.
O’Leary, R., & Bingham, L.B. (eds) (2009) The Collaborative Public Manager.
Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Page 116 of 181
Okvat, H. & Zautra, A. (2011). Community Gardening: A Parsimonious Path to Individual, Community, and Environmental Resilience. American Journal of Community Psychology. Volume 47, Issue 3-4, Pp. 374-387.
Ogburn, W. F. (1969). Kultur und sozialer Wandel. Ausgewählte Schriften.
Herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Otis Dudley Duncan. Soziologische Texte, 56. Neuwied, Berlin: Luchterhand.
Ohmae, K. (1995) The End of the Nation-State: The Rise of Regional Economies. New York: The Free Press.
Olsson, P., Gunderson, L., Carpenter, S., Ryan, P., Lebel, L., Folke, C. &
Holling, C. (2006). Shooting the Rapids: Navigating Transitions to Adaptive Governance of Social-Ecological Systems. Ecology and Society, Vol. 11, Issue 1, p. 18.
Osborne, S. P. (2006). The New Public Governance? Public Management Review. Vol. 8, Issue 3, Pp. 377-387.
Partanen, A (2011): Social Innovation in Service Delivery to Youth in Remote and Rural Areas. In International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development 3 (1), pp. 63–81.
Pelling, M., High, C., Dearing, J & Smith, D. (2008). Shadow spaces for social learning : a relational understanding of adaptive capacity to climate change within organizations. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space. Vol 40, Issue 4, pp. 867 - 884.
Ployhart, R. E., & Moliterno, T. P. (2011). Emergence of the human capital resource: A multilevel model. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 36, Issue 1, Pp. 127–150.
Riddle, D. & Moore, M. (2015). Scaling Out, Scaling Up, Scaling Deep:
Strategies of Non-profits in Advancing Systemic Social Innovation. The Journal of Corporate Citizenship. Vol. 58, Issue 1, Pp. 67-84.
Rosa, E. A. & Machlis, G. E. (1983). Energetic theories of society: an evaluative review. Sociological Inquiry. Vol. 53 Issue 2/3, p152-178.
Rosol, M., (2012). Community volunteering as neoliberal strategy? Green space production in Berlin. Antipode 44 (1), 239–257.
Saunders, M. L., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2016). Research methods for business students (Vol. Tth edition). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
Schnoll, H. J. (2015). E-government: Information, technology, and transformation. Routledge.
Page 117 of 181
Seyfang, G. and Haxeltine A. (2012). Growing grassroots innovations: exploring the role of community-based initiatives in governing sustainable energy transitions. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 2012, volume 30, pages 381 – 400
Sorensen, E. & Torfing J. (2016). Enhancing public innovation through collaboration, leadership and new public governance. New Frontiers in Social Innovation Research. Palgrave MacMillan.
Stoker , G. (2006). Public Value Management. A New Narrative for Networked Governance? American Review of Public Administration.
Strunk, C. & Richardson, M. (2017). Cultivating belonging: refugees, urban gardens, and placemaking in the Midwest, U.S.A. Social & Cultural Geography.
Swilling, M., Hajer, M., Baynes, T., Bergesen, J., Labbé, F., Musango, J., Ramaswami, A., Robinson, B., Salat, S., Suh, S. (2018). The weight of cities resource requirements of future urbanization. UN Environment. United Nations Environmental Programme. Pp. 28-31.
Tacconi, L., (2011). Developing environmental governance research: The example of forest cover change studies. Environmental Conservation, 38(2), pp.
234–246.
Tappert, S., Klöti, T. & Drilling, M. (2018). Contested urban green spaces in the compact city: The (re-)negotiation of urban gardening in Swiss cities.
Landscape & Urban Planning. Vol. 170, Issue 1, Pp. 69-78.
Torfing, J. & Triantafillou, P. (2013). What is in a name? Grasping new public governance as a political-administrative system. International Review of Public Administration. Vol. 18, No. 2, Pp. 9-25.
Tornaghi, C. (2014). Critical geography of urban agriculture. Progress in Human Geography. Vol. 38, Issue 4, Pp. 551–567.
Van der Jagt, A., Elands, B., Ambrose-Oji, B., Gerohazi, E., Moller, M. &
Buizen, M. (2016). Participatory governance of urban green spaces: trends and practices in the EU. Nordic Journal of Architectural Research.
Van der Steen, M., Scherpenisse, J., Hajer, M., van Gerwen, O. & Kruitwagen, S. (2015). Learning by doing - Government participation in an energetic society.
Netherlands School of Public Administration & Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.
Veen, E. (2015). Community gardens in urban areas: A critical reflection on the extent to which they strengthen social cohesion and provide alternative food.
Wageningen: Wageningen University Press.
Page 118 of 181
Voorberg, W. H., Bekkers V. J. J. M and Tummers L. G. (2015). Co-creation and co-production embarking on the social innovation journey. Public Management Review. Vol.17, Issue 9, Pp.1333-1357.
Wakefield, S., Yeudall, F., Taron, C., Reynolds, J. & Skinner, A. (2007).
Growing urban health: Community gardening in South-East Toronto. Health Promotion International. Vol. 22, Issue 2, Pp. 92-101.
Westley, F. & Antadze, N. (2010). Strategies for Scaling Social Innovation for Greater Impact. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 2, Pp. 1-19.
Zanella, A., Camanho, A. S. & Dias, T. G. (2015). The assessment of cities’
livability integrating human wellbeing and environmental impact. Annals of Operations Research. Vol. 226, Issue 1, Pp. 695-726.
Page 119 of 181