• Ingen resultater fundet

Further research

5. Discussion and conclusion

5.4 Further research

This study has provided insight on factors that influence the underrepresentation of women in IT

based on the experiences of women working in the field. As such, it contributes to the development

of an understanding of the factors that influence the underrepresentation of women in IT from a

retainment perspective. The insights provided by this study should be seen as a starting point that

give way for future research to illuminate and analyze the individual factors in depth. This could, in

turn, result in propositions for countering the individual factors that are cause for the

underrepresentation of women in IT. However, it would also be relevant to thoroughly investigate

the factors that influence the phenomenon from a recruitment perspective as the development of

a work pool relies as much on the recruitment of workers as it does on the retainment of workers.

79

References

ACKER, J. (1990). HIERARCHIES, JOBS, BODIES: Gender & Society, 4(2), 139–158.

https://doi.org/10.1177/089124390004002002

Affleck, W., Glass, K., & Macdonald, M. E. (2012). The Limitations of Language. American Journal of

Men’s Health, 7(2), 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988312464038

Ahuja, M. K. (2002). Women in the information technology profession: a literature review, synthesis and research agenda. European Journal of Information Systems, 11(1), 20–34.

https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000417

Alegria, S. (2019). Escalator or Step Stool? Gendered Labor and Token Processes in Tech Work.

Gender & Society, 33(5), 722–745. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243219835737

Alvesson, M., Lee Ashcraft, K., & Thomas, R. (2008). Identity Matters: Reflections on the

Construction of Identity Scholarship in Organization Studies. Organization, 15(1), 5–28.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508407084426

Askjær, T. H. (2022, January 16). Mangel på it-specialister koster virksomheder ordrer. borsen.dk.

Retrieved November 18, 2021, from https://borsen.dk/nyheder/politik/mangel-paa-it-specialister-koster-virksomheder-ordrer

AWIS. (2019). The Association for Women in Science. Scientia. https://www.scientia.global/wp-content/uploads/AWIS/AWIS_Interview.pdf

Barrett, F. J., Powley, E. H., & Pearce, B. (2011). Hermeneutic philosophy and organizational

theory. Philosophy and Organization Theory, 181–213.

https://doi.org/10.1108/s0733-558x(2011)0000032009

80

Bourdieu, P., & Nice, R. (2002). Masculine Domination (1st ed.). Stanford University Press.

Brown, E. N., Sullum, J., Linnekin, B., Root, D., Binion, B., & Britschgi, C. (2016, March 10). Gender

Stereotypes Have Budged Little Since the Early ’80s. Reason.Com. Retrieved December 18,

2021, from https://reason.com/2016/03/10/gender-stereotypes-never-say-die/

Camacho, M. M., & Lord, S. M. (2011). “Microaggressions” in engineering education: Climate for Asian, Latina and White women. 2011 Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE).

https://doi.org/10.1109/fie.2011.6142970

Ceci, S. J., Williams, W. M., & Barnett, S. M. (2009). Women’s underrepresentation in science:

Sociocultural and biological considerations. Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 218–261.

https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014412

Collin, F., & Køppe, S. (2012). Humanistisk videnskabsteori (2nd ed., Vol. 8). DR Multimedie.

Danmarks Statistik. (2019–2021). Diversity Task Force Data Set [Data set compiled of data from Danmarks Statistik and provided by Winddenmark]. Unpublished.

Dansk Erhverv. (n.d.). Det må du ikke spørge om til jobsamtalen. Retrieved December 16, 2021, from https://www.danskerhverv.dk/radgivning/ansattelse-rekruttering/rekruttering/det-ma-du-ikke-sporge-om/

Daumeyer, N. M., Onyeador, I. N., Brown, X., & Richeson, J. A. (2019). Consequences of attributing

discrimination to implicit vs. explicit bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 84,

103812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.04.010

81

DEA. (2019, February 5). Stereotyper spænder ben for tekniske piger. Retrieved November 29,

2021, from https://dea.nu/i-farver/publikationer/stereotyper-spaender-ben-for-tekniske-piger/

DeAngelis, S. (2021, October 7). The Importance of Soft Skills in Hard Times - Enterra Solutions.

Enterra Solutions. Retrieved December 9, 2021, from

https://enterrasolutions.com/blog/the-importance-of-soft-skills-in-hard-times/

Dovidio, J. F., Hewstone, M., Glick, P., & Esses, V. M. (2010). The SAGE Handbook of Prejudice,

Stereotyping and Discrimination (1st ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd.

Elsbach, K. D., & Stigliani, I. (2019). New Information Technology and Implicit Bias. Academy of

Management Perspectives, 33(2), 185–206. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2017.0079

Fairhurst, G. T., & Snavely, B. K. (1983). Majority and Token Minority Group Relationships: Power Acquisition and Communication. Academy of Management Review, 8(2), 292–300.

https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1983.4284739

Fidelman, M. (2012, July 15). Here’s the Real Reason There Are Not More Women in Technology.

Forbes. Retrieved November 17, 2021, from

https://www.forbes.com/sites/markfidelman/2012/06/05/heres -the-real-reason-there-are-not-more-women-in-technology/?sh=110d80f97b73

Gendered Innovation. (n.d.). Femininities & Masculinities. Genderedinnovations.Stanford.Edu.

Retrieved January 13, 2022, from

https://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/terms/femininities.html

82

Haines, E. L., Deaux, K., & Lofaro, N. (2016). The Times They Are a-Changing . . . or Are They Not? A

Comparison of Gender Stereotypes, 1983–2014. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(3), 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316634081

Heilman, M. E. (2012). Gender stereotypes and workplace bias. Research in Organizational

Behavior, 32, 113–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2012.11.003

Henn, S. (2014, October 21). When Women Stopped Coding. NPR. Retrieved November 29, 2021, from https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2014/10/21/357629765/when-women-stopped-coding?t=1638189639529

Hill, C., Corbett, C., & St. Rose, A. (2010, February). Why So Few? Women in Science, Technology,

Engineering, and Mathematics. AAUW.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234647120_Why_So_Few_Women_in_Science _Technology_Engineering_and_Mathematics

Hunnicutt, G. (2009). Varieties of Patriarchy and Violence Against Women. Violence Against

Women, 15(5), 553–573. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208331246

Kanter, R. M. (1993). Men and Women of the Corporation: New Edition (New ed.). Basic Books.

Kvinfo. (n.d.). Milepæle i dansk kvindehistorie 1960–2004. Retrieved December 18, 2021, from https://www.kvinfo.dk/file.php?file=387

Lorber, J. (1996). Beyond the Binaries: Depolarizing the Categories of Sex, Sexuality, and Gender.

Sociological Inquiry, 66(2), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682x.1996.tb00214.x

Lorber, J., & Farrell, S. A. (1991). The Social Construction of Gender (Gender & Society Reader).

SAGE Publications, Inc.

83

Luenendonk, M. (2020, November 1). The Latest Stats on Women in Tech. ISEMAG. Retrieved

November 18, 2021, from https://isemag.com/2020/10/telecom-the-latest-stats-on-women-in-tech/

Mason, W., & May, T. (2020). Hermeneutics. SAGE Research Methods Foundations.

https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526421036786961

Master, A., Cheryan, S., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2016). Computing whether she belongs: Stereotypes undermine girls’ interest and sense of belonging in computer science. Journal of

Educational Psychology, 108(3), 424–437. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000061

McDonald, J. (2013). Conforming to and Resisting Dominant Gender Norms: How Male and Female Nursing Students Do and Undo Gender. Gender, Work & Organization, 20(5), 561–579.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2012.00604.x

McKinsey&Company. (2018, October). Bidging the Talent Gender Gap in Denmark: Insights from

Female Representations in STEM.

https://www.mckinsey.com/featured- insights/europe/bridging-the-talent-gap-in-denmark-insights-from-female-representation-in-stem

Mikkola, M. (2019, October 25). Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender (Stanford Encyclopedia

of Philosophy/Fall 2019 Edition). Stanford Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 26, 2021,

from https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/feminism-gender/

Moser, M. (2013, March). Soft skills: do creativity techniques increase creativity?

www.alumniportal-deutschland.org. Retrieved December 9, 2021, from

https://www.alumniportal-deutschland.org/en/career/creativity-techniques/

84

NSF. (2007, August 27). Back to School: Five Myths about Girls and Science. NSF - National Science

Foundation. Retrieved December 2, 2021, from

https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=109939

Onn, C. W., & Sorooshian, S. (2013). Mini Literature Analysis on Information Technology Definition.

Information and Knowledge Management, 3(2), 139–140.

https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/IKM/article/view/4287

Phipps, A. (2007). Re-Inscribing Gender Binaries: Deconstructing the Dominant Discourse around Women’S Equality in Science, Engineering, and Technology. The Sociological Review, 55(4), 768–787. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.2007.00744.x

Pollock, L., McCoy, K., Carberry, S., Hundigopal, N., & You, X. (2004). Increasing high school girls’

self confidence and awareness of CS through a positive summer experience. ACM SIGCSE

Bulletin, 36(1), 185–189. https://doi.org/10.1145/1028174.971369

Ramsey, N., & McCorduck, P. (2005, February). Where are the Women in Information Technology?

National Center for Women & Information Technology. https://alejandrobarros.com/wp-content/uploads/old/Where_are_the_Women_in_Information_Te

Ringgaard, A. (2017, July 3). Kønsforskere: Piger opdrages til at fravælge højtlønnet IT-branche.

videnskab.dk. Retrieved November 29, 2021, from https://videnskab.dk/teknologi-innovation/koensforskere-piger-opdrages-til-at-fravaelge-hoejtloennet-it-branche

Rowe, M. (2008). I was just Thinking: Micro-affirmations & Micro-inequities. Journal of the

International Ombudsman Association, 1(1), 45–48.

https://ioa.memberclicks.net/assets/docs/Volume1Journal.pdf

85

Shapiro, J. R., & Williams, A. M. (2011). The Role of Stereotype Threats in Undermining Girls’ and

Women’s Performance and Interest in STEM Fields. Sex Roles, 66(3–4), 175–183.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0051-0

Sloan, A., & Bowe, B. (2013). Phenomenology and hermeneutic phenomenology: the philosophy, the methodologies, and using hermeneutic phenomenology to investigate lecturers’

experiences of curriculum design. Quality & Quantity, 48(3), 1291–1303.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-013-9835-3

Smith, D. E. (1988). The Everyday World as Problematic. Amsterdam University Press.

Tate, S. A., & Page, D. (2018). Whiteliness and institutional racism: hiding behind (un)conscious bias. Ethics and Education, 13(1), 141–155.

https://doi.org/10.1080/17449642.2018.1428718

Thomas, D. R. (2003). A General Inductive Approach for Qualitative Data Analysis. American

Journal of Evaluation, 27(2), 1–11.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228620846_A_General_Inductive_Approach_f or_Qualitative_Data_Analysis

Tsai, Y. (2011). Relationship between Organizational Culture, Leadership Behavior and Job Satisfaction. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-11-98

Villesèche, F., Muhr, S. L., & Holck, L. (2018). Diversity and Identity in the Workplace: Connections

and Perspectives (1st ed. 2018 ed.). Palgrave Pivot.

86

Vinney, C. (2021, October 27). What Is Gender Essentialism Theory? Verywell Mind. Retrieved

December 2, 2021, from https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-gender-essentialism-theory-5203465

WEF. (2021, March). Global Gender Gap Report. World Economic Forum.

https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2021

WHO. (2011). Gender Mainstreaming for Health Managers: A Practical Approach. World Health Organization.

http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44516/9789241501071_eng.pdf;jsession id=B8EC0867B0EB78EC575DE41A772454E2?sequence=1

WorkLife Law. (2021, February 18). What is FRD? Retrieved December 16, 2021, from

https://worklifelaw.org/get-help/what-is-frd/

87