UN DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS BELONGING TO NATIONAL OR ETHNIC, RELIGIOUS AND LINGUISTIC MINORITIES

ART 2.2

Persons belonging to minorities have the right to participate effectively in cultural, religious, social, economic and public life.

ART 2.3

Persons belonging to minorities have the right to participate effectively in decisions on the national and, where appropriate, regional level concerning the minority to which they belong or the regions in which they live, in a manner not incompatible with national legislation.

ART 2.4

Persons belonging to minorities have the right to establish and maintain their own associations.

ART 2.5

Persons belonging to minorities have the right to establish and maintain, without any discrimination, free and peaceful contacts with other

members of their group and with persons belonging to other minorities, as well as contacts across frontiers with citizens of other States to whom they are related by national or ethnic, religious or linguistic ties.

The right to effective participation for minorities can be divided into three key aspects: the right to participate in public life and decision-making, especially on issues that affect them; the right to participate in the life of their own

community; and the right to participate in the benefits of economic progress and development.¹¹¹

Any mechanism for participation should be genuine and inclusive.

At a minimum, minorities should have the right to vote and to stand for office without discrimination. Consideration may be given to the shape of electoral systems. Factors such as proportional representation, candidate selection and the boundaries of electoral districts can impact upon minority participation.

Designated seats for minorities in the legislature may be created. Minorities have the right to form their own political parties as well.¹¹²

Full and effective participation in national and regional political structures, as well as representation within key government ministries and institutions, is essential to future efforts to protect and promote the rights of minorities.¹¹³ Although restrictions are often applied to political participation for non-citizens, efforts could be made to accommodate participation of immigrant minorities.

This may include conferring voting rights in local elections or the creation of local consultative bodies for non-citizens. National consultative bodies for minorities are also common.¹¹⁴

States should develop and encourage appropriate modalities of communication and dialogue between Roma communities and central and local authorities.¹¹⁵ States should take the necessary steps, including special measures, to secure equal opportunities for the participation of Roma minorities or groups in all central and local governmental bodies.¹¹⁶

States should develop modalities and structures of consultation with Roma political parties, associations and representatives, both at central and local levels, when considering issues and adopting decisions on matters of concern to Roma communities.¹¹⁷

States should involve Roma communities and associations and their

representatives at the earliest stages in the development and implementation of policies and programmes affecting them and to ensure sufficient transparency about such policies and programmes.¹¹⁸

States should promote more awareness among members of Roma communities of the need for their more active participation in public and social life and in promoting their own interests, for instance the education of their children and their participation in professional training.¹¹⁹

States should organize training programmes for Roma public officials and representatives, as well as for prospective candidates to such responsibilities, aimed at improving their political, policy making and public administration skills.¹²⁰

5.9 HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDE RS (CIVIL SOCIETY)

States should recognize the crucial importance of the active involvement of civil society, at all levels, in processes of governance and in promoting good

governance, including through transparency and accountability, at all levels, which is indispensable for building peaceful, prosperous and democratic societies.¹²¹

Domestic legal and administrative provisions and their application should facilitate, promote and protect an independent, diverse and pluralistic civil society and, in this regard, strongly rejecting any acts of intimidation or reprisals against civil society.¹²²

States have an obligation to respect and fully protect the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of all individuals, inter alia the rights to freedom of expression and opinion and to assemble peacefully and associate freely, online as well as offline, including for persons espousing minority or dissenting views or beliefs, and that respect for all such rights, in relation to civil society, contributes to addressing and resolving challenges and issues that are important to society.¹²³

States have the primary responsibility to ensure that defenders work in a safe and enabling environment. Such an environment should include a conducive legal, institutional and administrative framework; access to justice and an end to impunity for violations against defenders; a strong and independent national human rights institution; policies and programmes with specific attention to women defenders; effective protection policies and mechanisms paying

attention to groups at risk; non-State actors that respect and support the work of defenders; safe and open access to international human rights bodies; and a strong, dynamic and diverse community of defenders.¹²⁴

States should recognize the rights of civil society organizations to participate in the design, implementation and evaluation of public policy.¹²⁵

It is during the policymaking phase that human rights standards are

operationalized and State obligations materialize for local communities. For this to happen, those affected must effectively take part in the policymaking process.

Human rights defenders are among the best placed to make the connections between human rights and development programming, as they are often at the heart of social dialogue and interactions between citizens and the Government at the local and community levels. It is therefore vital that Governments and other relevant actors facilitate the participation of human rights defenders in the development of policies or projects, as well as in their implementation and evaluation.¹²⁶

States should protect organizations that promote participation from retaliation or interference by State agents or non-State actors.¹²⁷

5.10 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

INDIGENOUS AND TRIBAL PEOPLES CONVENTION, 1989 (ILO NO. 169) ART 6

1.In applying the provisions of this Convention, Governments shall:

(a)Consult the peoples concerned, through appropriate procedures and in particular through their representative institutions, whenever

consideration is being given to legislative or administrative measures which may affect them directly;

(b)Establish means by which these peoples can freely participate, to at least the same extent as other sectors of the population, at all levels of decision-making in elective institutions and administrative and other bodies responsible for policies and programmes which concern them;

(c)Establish means for the full development of these peoples’ own institutions and initiatives, and in appropriate cases provide the resources necessary for this purpose.

2. The consultations carried out in application of this Convention shall be undertaken, in good faith and in a form appropriate to the

circumstances, with the objective of achieving agreement or consent to the proposed measures.

ART 7

1. The peoples concerned shall have the right to decide their own priorities for the process of development as it affects their lives, beliefs, institutions and spiritual well-being and the lands they occupy or

otherwise use, and to exercise control, to the extent possible, over their own economic, social and cultural development. In addition, they shall participate in the formulation, implementation and evaluation of plans and programmes for national and regional development which may affect them directly.

DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (2007)