When introducing podcasts it is, as for any other use of technology in teaching, important to re-flect upon how the interplay between technol-ogy, content and pedagogy can best facilitate the learning. There is a wealth of software and hardware available for producing and distrib-uting podcasts, and we described some of this.
However, the use of technology is of course not a solution in itself. The use of podcasts allows teachers to shift the focus of their teaching away from that of presenting material and to put more emphasis (or less emphasis!) on certain aspects of a teaching activity and to re-think your use of in-class time.
One must be aware that podcasts only play a role in an overall pedagogical design, as a part of an overarching pedagogy and are not the peda-gogy as such. If used to support students’ prepa-ration, it allows teachers to capitalize on oppor-tunities for integrating and applying knowledge, through student-centered, active learning strate-gies and to provide individual support to deepen understanding and help students develop proce-dural fluency.
We have focused on the flipped classroom, since this is an important instance of the general no-tion of refocusing teaching on active student involvement in order to process and integrate higher order knowledge rather than merely transmitting information. However, any form of teaching that involves presentational
activi-ties and activiactivi-ties intended to encourage active learning can be flipped.
The importance in the flipped approach lies in its emphasis on the importance of active learn-ing as a central teachlearn-ing activity. That active learning is important, is well in line with current trends in the development of education. For in-stance the World Economic Forum (2016) identi-fies new challenges that must be addressed by education in the 21st century such as developing new skills and cross-functional skills, and in this setting the learning goals that can be achieved by active learning strategies are of paramount importance. Higher education faces a need to create innovative models that emphasize hu-man interaction and multimodal learning in or-der to prompt 21st century skills such as: critical thinking, communication and social entrepre-neurship; design and innovation; technological mastery; digital citizenship; complex problem solving skills, with regard to wicked problems (Greenbow and Robelia, 2009).
Educational podcasts can therefore be part of the movement towards new educational models that stress students’ competencies rather than credit hours, and therefore look for how to best support collaboration, interaction, and compe-tence development:
It is clear that simply capitalizing on new tech-nology is not enough; the new models must use these tools and services to engage students on a deeper level. (Johnson et al., 2015)
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Design principle Application guidelines Examples Provide clear connections
between in-class and out-of- class activities
Tell students why you are using this learning method (to allow them to own their learning), and how it devel-ops valuable skills.
– Show evidence of impact from previous cohorts.
– Use analytics from pre-class activities to inform in-class focus.
– Seamlessly integrate pre- and in-class material.
Provide an opportunity for students to gain first expo-sure to the subject matter prior to class
Determine what students ac-tually need to learn, and use pre-class activities to stimu-late interest and provide background understanding.
Videos explaining concepts that are most suitable for re-watching.
Interactive online simulations on class content.
Videos demonstrating essential skills.
Provide an incentive for students to prepare for class and a mechanism to assess students’ understanding of pre- class material
Students need to be incen-tivised to strategically spend their time with pre-class material. Keep it short and to-the-point.
– Nominal pre-class online mastery quizzes.
– In-class anonymous quiz to gauge understanding.
– Quizzes spliced into videos.
Provide clearly defined and well- structured activities within the flipped class-room, and provide enough time for students to carry out in-class activities
Deeply consider the course content and what are es-sential and non-eses-sential concepts and competencies.
Flipping
the classroom often involves reducing content and im-proving relevance and con-text.
– Create the expectation that online and in-class activities are part of the whole learn-ing experience.
– Design a scaffolded problem-based scenario that allows students to construct their own understanding.
– Deconstruct an examination question and work through each part through the class.
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Design principle Application guidelines Examples Provide facilitation for
building a learning com-munity
Teamwork and accountabil-ity are powerful motivators.
Consider how the classroom space can be used to promote collaboration within student groups and with staff.
- Groups discuss a question and offer a response to the class via student response system.
- Teams build a concept map summarising key content.
- Use online tools (e.g. wikis and social media) to continue building community outside of class.
Provide resources and tech-nologies that are easy to access and use
Use resources and/or tech-nologies that promote col-laboration, give students a voice, and provide a safe learning environment.
– Provide worksheets to en-gage students through writ-ing out problems.
– Use student response sys-tems to collect feedback.
– Exploit collaborative learn-ing spaces where teams syn-thesize collective knowledge via e.g. Prezi, Google Docs.
Provide prompt/adaptive feedback on individual or group work
Ensure that in-class time is valuable for students. In-volve teaching assistants if available.
- Offer immediate feedback on pre-class activities.
- Walk around a lecture while students are working on problems in groups.
- Continue the conversation after class through additional quizzes or resources.
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