Bilag I- Litteraturoversigt
Bilag II- SOP for Koncentrationsmåling af peroxysyrer Bilag III- Sikkerhedsdatablade for kemikalier
Bilag IV-Business case
Bilag V- Artikel om PAA og PFA
Bilag 1-Litteraturoversigt
Bilag 1-Litteraturoversigt
1.1 Hypochlorite ... 2 1.1.1 Analytical method ... 2 1.1.2 Disinfection effect ... 3 1.1.3 Toxicity and residual by-products ... 5 1.2 Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) ... 6 1.2.1 Analytical method ... 6 1.2.2 Disinfection effect ... 8 1.2.3 Toxicity and residual by-products ... 10 1.3 Peracetic Acid (PAA) ... 11 1.3.1 Analytical method ... 11 1.3.2 Disinfection effect ... 13 1.3.3 Toxicity and residual by-products ... 16 1.4 Performic Acid (PFA) ... 17 1.4.1 Analytical method ... 17 1.4.2 Disinfection effect ... 18 1.4.3 Toxicity and residual by-products ... 19 1.5 Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) ... 19 1.5.1 Analytical method ... 19 1.5.2 Toxicity and residual by-products ... 20 1.6 Permanganate ... 21 1.6.1 Analytical method ... 21 References ... 22
1.1 Hypochlorite 1.1.1 Analytical method
Reference Method/ Principle Concentration Range Source/ Remarks
Morris R.(1993) Titration with sodium thiosulphate 1,7-20 mg/L Secondary Effluent
Veschetti et al. (2003)
Titration with sodium thiosulphate/
DPD-method from APHA 0,5- 4,0 mg/L (5 % and 15%)
Effluent from activated sludge treatment plant
Tree et al. (2003) DPD-method from APHA 8, 16, 30 mg/L (14% NaClO) Primary effluent
Junli et al. (1997) Iodimetry (??) 1 mg/L-3 mg/L Lab water
Tsai and Lin (1999) DPD-method from APHA 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/L Hospital waste sludge
Arana et al.(2000) DPD-method 1-2 mg/L
Secondary effluent (Microquant kit, Merck 14826 Chlor-test)
Crebelli et al. (2005)
Titration with sodium thiosulphate/ DPD
method 2, 4, 4.1 mg/L
Secondary effluent/ FeSO4 added to neutralize remaining disinfectant
Boczek et al. (2010) DPD-method from APHA 2 and 5 mg/L
Blended primary and secondary effluent to represent wet-weather events
1.1.2 Disinfection effect
Reference Dose (mg/l) Time (min) Effectiveness Source Remarks
Morris R. (1993) 5
20
4 log Total coliforms 4 log Faecal coliforms 1 log poliovirus type 2
Secondary Effluent
2 log reduction on virus achieved after 30 min (Other concentration
has been used (1,7-20 mg/L) with figure only)
Veschetti et al.(2003)
0.53 20 1-log E.coli Effluent from activated
sludge treatment plant
90% removal of each organisms
0.35 30 1-log E.coli Effluent from activated
sludge treatment plant 0.3 20 1-log Faecal streptococci Effluent from activated sludge treatment plant 0.17 30 1-log Faecal streptococci Effluent from activated sludge treatment plant 1.8 20 1- log Bacteriophages anti E.
coli
Effluent from activated sludge treatment plant 1.2 30 1- log Bacteriophages anti E.
coli
Effluent from activated sludge treatment plant
Coronel- Olivares et al.
(2011)
8 20
0.54 log E.coli 0.56 log Total coliform
0.72 log Enterococcus
Secondary Effluent
Concentration of hypochlorite stock solution was 11% NaClO
8 30
0.75 log E.coli 0.78 log Total coliform
1 log Enterococcus
Secondary Effluent
20 20
0.55 log E.coli 0.67 log Total coliform
1 log Enterococcus
Secondary Effluent
20 30
0.77 log E.coli 0.83 log Total coliform
1 log Enterococcus
Secondary Effluent
30 20
0.75 log E.coli 0.79 log Total coliform
1 log Enterococcus
Secondary Effluent
30 30 0.87 log E.coli
0.85 log Total coliform Secondary Effluent
Nearly 2 log Enterococcus
Tree et al. (2003)
8 5
4 log E. coli 1.5 log Enterococci No inactivation of enterovirus
& FRNA bacteriophage
Primary effluent
14%NaClO (parallel experiment was conducted with same but sterilized sample with seeded organisms and
found almost same result)
16 5
>4.5 log E. coli
>3 log Enterococci (complete)
<0.5 log enterovirus
<0.5 log FRNA bacteriophage
Primary effluent
30 5
5 log E. coli (complete)
>3 log Enterococci (complete) 1 log enterovirus 0.5 log FRNA bacteriophage
Primary effluent
Junli et al. (1997) 1.8 20 2 log E. coli Lab Water
pH 7.0, Temp 200 C
3 20 3 log E. coli Lab Water
3 20 3 log E. coli (Domestic) wastewater
Arana et al. (2000) 1-2 15 Secondary effluent Sodium thiosulphate (1.46 mg/mL)
to neutralize remaining disinfectant
Boczek et al. (2010)
2 30
log E. coli log Enterococci log MS2 coliphage
Blended primary and secondary effluent to represent wet-weather
events Sodium thiosulphate added to neutralize remaining disinfectant
5 30
log E. coli log Enterococci log MS2 coliphage
Blended primary and secondary effluent to represent wet-weather
events
USEPA, (1999)
2.6 3 3 log Total coliforms CSOs in Philadelphia (??) Disinfection of combined sewer overflows USEPA, 1973
8.0-10.8 6 4 log total coliform
4 log fecal coliform
CSOs in Gross point woods Michigan (??)
Disinfection of combined sewer overflows USEPA, 1974
25 2 5 log poliovirus
5 log coliphage
CSOs in Lake Onondaga, New York
Disinfection of combined sewer overflows USEPA, 1979
1.1.3 Toxicity and residual by-products
Reference Ecotoxicity measured By-products Conditions/ Source
Remarks
Bayo et al. (2009) Toxic to Vibrio fischeri Biological treated
wastewater
Positive correlation between toxicity and chlorine concentrations Asami et al. (1996) Toxic to Photobacterium phosphoreum
(Microtox) Wastewater effluents High residual chlorine in
recipient Katsoni et al. (2014) Toxic to Artemia salina
trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetonitriles (HANs),
haloketons (HKs), 1,2-dichloroethane (DCA)
Wastewater effluent from industry
Experiment conducted in pilot scale
Petala et al. (2009) Toxic to rainbow trout Secondary effluent
Biochemical biomarkers (total Glutathione) were measured in liver and kidney of Rainbow trout
after chlorination Pignata et al. (2012) Toxic to Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna,
and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata trihalomethanes (THMs) Wastewater effluents Cao et al. (2009)
Toxic to Daphnia magna and Genotoxic to Salmonella typhimurium (TA
1535/pSK1002)
Secondary effluent
Emmanuel et al. (2004) Toxic to Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna
Hospital wastewater effluent
A good linear regression between EC50
of D. magna and AOX Bellana and Bailey (1977) Toxic to aquatic environment Wastewater effluent Major fish kill in James
river Glaze and Henderson
(1975)
Formation of
organochlorine compounds Secondary effluent Pasternak et al. (2003) Chloramine: Toxic to aquatic
environment Surface water
Kim et al. (1999) Weak mutagenic activity to Salmonella
typhimurium TA 100 Lab water
1.2 Chlorine dioxide (ClO
2) 1.2.1 Analytical method
Reference Method/ Principle Concentration Range Source/Remarks
Veschetti et al. (2003) DPD colorimetric method (APHA, AWWA and
WEF) 0,5-4,0 mg/L Effluent from activated sludge
treatment plant
Ayyildiz et al. (2009) DPD method 1-3 mg/L
Raw wastewater Secondary effluent Artificial wastewater
USEPA, (1999)
DPD test kits ( Standard method 4500 ClO2 G)
>0.1 mg/L
Table 4-3, page 4-30 (reference taken from Gates, 1998, The
Chlorine dioxide handbook:
water disinfection series.) DPD- FAS titrimetric method (Standard
method 4500 ClO2 D)
>0.1 mg/L
Table 4-3, page 4-30(reference taken from Gates, 1998, The
Chlorine dioxide handbook:
water disinfection series.) Amperometric method II- (Standard method
4500 ClO2 E) >0.1 mg/L
Table 4-3, page 4-30(reference taken from Gates, 1998, The
Chlorine dioxide handbook:
water disinfection series.)
Ayyildiz et al. (2011) DPD method 1-2 mg/L
Raw wastewater Secondary effluent Artificial wastewater Churet et al. (2001) Lissamine green B reagent
(spectrophotometric method) Only Ct value
Deionized distilled water (No interferences from chlorine,
chlorite and chlorate on measurement)
Junli et al. (1997) Iodimetry (??) 1 mg/L-3 mg/L Lab water
Tsai and Lin (1999) DPD-method from APHA 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150 mg/L Hospital waste sludge (to verify free of chlorine) Tsai and Lin (1999) Titration with thiosulphate 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150 mg/L Hospital waste sludge
Narkis et al. (1995) Amperometric titration using phenylarsine
oxide (PAO) cartridge 28.54, 35.53, 44.20, 52,58 mg/L Effluent from activated sludge
Hey et al. (2012)A DPD method 0.5- 20 mg/L Biologically treated wastewater
1.2.2 Disinfection effect
Reference Dose (mg/l) time (min) Effectiveness Source Remarks
De Luca et al. (2008)
1.5 18-20
0.49 log E. coli 0.33 log Enterococci 0.49 log E. coli0157 phages 0.44 log F+ bacteriophages
Secondary effluent 1st phase of experiment
2 18-20
1.31 log E. coli 0.51 log Enterococci 0.63 log E. coli0157 phages 0.82 log F+ bacteriophages
Secondary effluent 2nd phase of experiment
Stampi et al. (2002)
2.2 20 >3 log E. coli
<2 log Enterococci Secondary effluent
1st series
(pH 6.4, SS 26mg/l,COD 37.9 mg/l)
2.2 20 >3 log E. coli
>2 log Enterococci Secondary effluent
2nd series (Agitator installed) (pH 6.4, SS 13mg/l,COD 25.5
mg/l)
Junli et al. (1997) 1.4 20 2 log E. coli Lab Water pH 7.0, Temp 200 C
3 20 3 log E. coli Lab Water pH 7.0, Temp 200 C
2.5 20 3 log E. coli (Domestic) wastewater pH 7.0, Temp 200 C
Ayyildiz et al. (2009)
1 10 2.8 log E. coli*
>2 log Total coliform Secondary effluent
*12.5mg/L COD (50mg/l COD-
<1 log removal) Highly depended on COD
Ct curve available
2 10 3.6 log E. coli*
>2.5 log Total coliform Secondary effluent
*12.5mg/L COD (50mg/l COD- 1.6 log removal) Highly depended on COD
3 10 4.2 log E. coli*
>2.8 log Total coliforms Secondary effluent
*12.5mg/L COD (50mg/l COD- 2.4 log removal) Highly depended on COD
1 10 0.8 log E. coli*
>1 log Total coliform Raw wastewater
*75mg/L COD (300mg/l COD-
<0.4 log removal) Highly depended on COD
2 10 3.2 log E. coli*
>3 log Total coliform Raw wastewater *75mg/L COD (300mg/l COD- 0.4 log removal)
Highly depended on COD
3 10 5.2 log E. coli*
>4 log Total coliform Raw wastewater
*75mg/L COD (300mg/l COD-
>0.8 log removal) Highly depended on COD USEPA, (1999)
2 15 0,5 log Total coliform Secondary effluent Figure 4-4, page 4-19 (original source: Roberts et al., 1980)
5 15 >2 log Total coliform Secondary effluent
10 15 >4 log Total coliform Secondary effluent
Wojtenko et al. (2003) 8 5 >4 log 4 log coliform
3 log f2 and T4 phages
CSO disinfection pilot
study (Phase 1) 54 mg/l Suspended Solids
Ayyildiz et al. (2011)
1 10 1.4 log E. coli
1.2 Log Total coliform Secondary effluent
20 mg/l COD in effluent Ultrasound and ClO2 had
higher log removal of organisms
2 10 <1 log E. coli
<1 Log Total coliform Raw wastewater
150 mg/l COD in wastewater Ultrasound and ClO2 had
higher log removal of organisms Narkis et al. (1995) 28.54 120 4-5 log Total coliform
5 log enterococci
Effluent from activated sludge
Enriched with 400 mg/l suspended solids (after crushing (disinfection) SS 1-2
logs of orgs recovered)
Alcalde et al. (2008)
5 60 4.7 log E. coli
2.1 log somatic bacteriophages Secondary effluent
Secondary effluents reclaimed by pre-treatment
system(Ring filter) prior disinfection
5 60 3.8 log E. coli
1.8 log somatic bacteriophages Secondary effluent
Secondary effluents reclaimed by pre-treatment
system(Physico-chemical system) prior disinfection
5 60 1.7 log E. coli
0.2 log somatic bacteriophages Secondary effluent
Secondary effluents reclaimed by pre-treatment
system(Infiltration-percolation) prior disinfection Chauret et al. (2001) Ct 1000
mg.min/L
0.5-2.0 log Cryptosporidium parvum
Deionized distilled water
Salgot et al. (2002)
3 10 2.39 log fecal coliform
Secondary effluent
Infiltration- percolation after secondary treatment
8 10 4.84 log fecal coliform Ring filter after secondary
treatment
9 55 4.24 log fecal coliform Sand filter after secondary
treatment
1.2.3 Toxicity and residual by-products
Reference Ecotoxicity measured By-products Conditions/ Source
Remarks
Svecevicius et al. (2005) Rainbow trout (96-h LC50) 2.2 mg/L for larvae
8.3 mg/L for adult fish Chlorite Lab water
Chlorite was 48 times less toxic to larvae and 18 times less toxic to
adult fish than chlorine dioxide Kim et al. (1999) No mutagenic activity to Salmonella
typhimurium TA 100 Chlorate Lab water
Collivignarelli et al.
(2000)
Chlorite and
chlorate Secondary effluent
Dabrowska at al. (2003) Aldehydes
Ground water, surface water and shallow
ground water
Korn et al. (2002) Chlorite and
chlorate Drinking water
Lee et al. (2004) Chlorite and
chlorate Drinking water
After 120 min, 70-80% chlorine dioxide was converted to chlorite
and 10% converted to chlorate
Katz and Narkis. (2001) Chlorite and
chlorate Lab water Ferrous salt was used to remove chlorite and chlorate
1.3 Peracetic Acid (PAA) 1.3.1 Analytical method
Reference Method/ Principle Concentration Range Source/ Remarks
Veschetti et al. (2003) Iodometric analysis- Starch Indicator/
DPD-method from APHA 0,5- 4,0 mg/L (5 % and 15%) Effluent from activated sludge treatment plant
Di Furia et al. (1984) Reaction with organic sulphide, Gas-liquid
Chromatographic method ¨800 mg/L Not mentioned
Frew et al. (1983)
5 spectroscopic methods: 4 methods for sum of peroxides. 1 method selective for
H2O2 (Horseradish peroxidase)
0,08 mg/L - 0,8 mg/L Water
Morrris R. (1993) Titration with sodium thiosulphate 6,1-27,2 mg/L Secondary effluent
Crebelli et al. (2005) Titration with sodium thiosulphate/ DPD
method 2, 4, 4.1 mg/L Secondary effluent/ FeSO4 added to
neutralize remaining disinfectant
Hey et al. (2012)A DPD method 2.5-50 mg/L
Biologically treated wastewater [-PAA concentration was calculated by
converting standard curve of total chlorine (Cl2).
-Oxidation of DPD by PAA was done in neutral pH to prevent the oxidation from
H2O2] Pinkernell et al. (1997)
2, 2’’-azino-bis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] diammonium salt (ABTS)
colorimetric method
0.75-7.6 mg/L Lab water (no influence from H2O2) Pinkernell et al. (1994) High performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) 10-2000 mg/L Lab water
Kemira, (1999) High performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) 7.6-1141 mg/L Lab water (6.8-340 mg/L H2O2 can also
be measured from this method)
Wagner et al. (2002)
2, 2’’-azino-bis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] diammonium salt (ABTS)
colorimetric method with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)
0.5-100 mg/L
Physicochemically treated effluent Colorimetric method measured both PAA and H2O2 so the concentration of
PAA was determined by measuring absorbance of ABTS+PAA+H2O2 and subtracting it to the abs of ABTS+H2O2+
(PAA quenched by thiosulphate)
Kemira, (2006)
2 step titration method with ammonium cerium sulphate for H2O2 and with
thiosulphate for PAA/PFA
>1g/L Lab water
Antonelli et al. (2006) DPD colorimetric method after
decomposing H2O2 by catalase 2-15 mg/L
Secondary effluent Initial concentration of PAA was determined by titration (??method not
mentioned)
Trujillo et al. (2008) Standard method, 1998 0.3-5.0 mg/L Spring water contaminated with
wastewater Gehr et al. (2003)
2, 2’’-azino-bis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] diammonium salt (ABTS) and
horseradish peroxidase
1.5-6.0 mg/L
Primary treated effluent (measures total peroxy compounds concentration i.e.
PAA and /or H2O2)
1.3.2 Disinfection effect
Reference Dose (mg/l) time (min) Effectiveness Conditions/ Source Remarks
Veschetti et al. (2003)
0.51 20 1-log E.coli
Effluent from activated
sludge treatment plant 90% removal of each organisms
0,34 30 1-log E.coli
1.0 20 1-log Faecal streptococci
0,7 30 1-log Faecal streptococci
1.4 20 1- log Bacteriophages anti E.
coli
1.0 30 1- log Bacteriophages anti E.
coli
Luna-Pabello et al.
(2009)
90* 30-60 4-7 log Faecal Coliform Raw waste water *Ag:Cu:PAA-1.2:12.0:90.0 (30-60 min)
20** 10-20 3-5 log FC Secondary effluent **Ag:Cu:PAA-0.1:1.0:20.0
(10-20 min)
10*** 10 1-2 log FC Tertiary effluent ***Ag:Cu:PAA-0.05:0.5:10.0
(10min) Liberti and Notarnicola
(1999)
10 30 3.4 log total coliform *Clarified filtered feeds *treatment after secondary clarifier in pilot plant
400 20 5 log Total Coliform
Thomas et al. (1990)
10 5 0.96 log Total Coliform
0.17 log Faecal Streptococci
Raw Waste Water (Average SS 237mg/l
BOD 196 mg/l)
*Conference paper Experiment was also conducted
on simulated storm water but data is not clear
15 5
1.42 Log Total Coliform 0.91 Log Faecal Streptococci
20 5 2.74 log Total Coliform
1.75 log Faecal Streptococci
De Luca et al. (2008)
1.5 18-20
1.42 log E. coli 0.32 log Enterococci 0.64 log E. coli0157 phages 0.48 log F+ bacteriophages
Secondary effluent 1st phase of experiment
1,5 18-20
1.76 log E. coli 0.44 log Enterococci 0.60 log E. coli0157 phages 0.56 log F+ bacteriophages
Secondary effluent 2nd phase of experiment
Baldry et al. (1991) 10-15 5 5 log E. coli
5 log Streptococci faecalis Demineralised water
25-30 5 4 log Bacteriophages øx174
Trujillo et al. (2008) 0.8 (10 min) 10 100% elimination of faecal coliforms
Spring water contaminated with Waste
water
Initial concentration of faecal coliforms and total coliforms
are 13 cfu/100 ml and 65 cfu/100 ml respectively 2.0 (10 min) 10 100% elimination of total
coliforms
Morris R. (1993) 5 20
4 log Total coliforms 4 log Faecal coliforms
<1 log poliovirus type 2
Secondary effluent 6,1-27,2 mg/L has been used for overall experiment
Bailey et al. (2011) 4-5 15 >3 log E. coli
>3 log Enterococci
Mixture of Raw sewage and shallow groundwater
Stampi et al. (2002)
2 20 >2 log E. coli
>1 log Enterococci Secondary effluent
1st series
(pH 6.4, SS 25mg/l,COD 38.5 mg/l)
2 20 >3 log E. coli
>2 log Enterococci Secondary effluent
2nd series (Agitator installed) (pH 6.4, SS 12mg/l,COD 28
mg/l)
Alcalde et al. (2008)
8.5 11 3.9 log E. coli
1.8 log somatic bacteriophages Secondary effluent
Secondary effluents reclaimed by pre-treatment system(Ring
filter) prior disinfection
8.5 11 3.8 log E. coli
1.6 log somatic bacteriophages Secondary effluent
Secondary effluents reclaimed by pre-treatment system(Physico-chemical system) prior disinfection
8.5 11 1.9 log E. coli
0.2 log somatic bacteriophages Secondary effluent
Secondary effluents reclaimed by pre-treatment system(Infiltration-percolation)
prior disinfection
Zanetti et al. (2007)
1.2 20
1.78 log E. coli 0.41 log Enterococci 0.45 log F+coliphages
Secondary effluent COD 25.99 mg/l, Suspended solids 17mg/l
1.5 20
2.43 log E. coli 0.66 log Enterococci 0.60 log F+ coliphages
Secondary effluent COD 28.34 mg/l, Suspended solids 6.10 mg/l Antonelli et al. (2006) 2 12 <1 log Fecal coliform Secondary effluent Data on E. coli was not shown.
5 12 1.5 log Fecal coliform Secondary effluent Experimental work was focused on possible regrowth of organisms after disinfection with and without destruction
of residual PAA
10 12 >1.5 log Fecal coliform Secondary effluent
15 12 >2 log Fecal coliform Secondary effluent
Koivunen and Heionnen-Tanski (2005)
10-15 27 3-4 log total coliform
3-4 log Enterococci Primary effluent In article, different concentration of PAA (2, 3, 5, 7,
10, 15) and contact time (4, 8, 13, 18, 23, 27 min) has been used which results different log
removal
*Effluent from sand filter
2-7 27 3 log total coliform
3 log Enterococci Secondary effluent
2-7 27 3 log total coliform
>2.5 log Enterococci Tertiary effluent*
Salgot et al. (2002)
15 10 2.21 Fecal coliform (IP)
Secondary effluent
Infiltration- percolation after secondary treatment
30 10 4.43 fecal coliform (RF) Ring filter after secondary
treatment
30 10 4.33 log Fecal coliform (SF) Sand filter after secondary
treatment
Pedersen et al. (2013) 0-4.8 6-37 0.4-2.2 log E. coli Tertiary Sand filter Article published by Aarhus Vand
Gehr et al. (2003) 4.5 60 1 log Enterococci Primary treated effluent
1.3.3 Toxicity and residual by-products
Reference Ecotoxicity measured By-products Conditions/ Source
Remarks
Kemira, (2012a)
Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) LC50/96 h:6,7 mg/L
Daphnia EC50/42 h/: 3,4 mg/l Desmodesmus subspicatus (green algae)
ErC50/72 h/: 31 mg/l
Safety data sheet, Fennosan PAA Terrel Y (1987) Daphnia magna EC50: 0,7 mg/L
Gardner and Bucksath, (1996)
Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) LC50: 1,6 mg/L
1.4 Performic Acid (PFA) 1.4.1 Analytical method
Reference Method/ Principle Concentration Range Remarks
Gehr et al. (2009)
ABTS-HRP colourimetric assay 1-6mg/l Buffer 6 (indirect method)
Idometric and ammonium cerium sulphate
titration Primary effluent (direct method)
Ragazzo et al. (2013)
2 step titration method with ammonium cerium sulphate for H2O2 and with
thiosulphate for PFA
1-5 mg/l Secondary Effluent
Kemira, (2006)
2 step titration method with ammonium cerium sulphate for H2O2 and with
thiosulphate for PAA/PFA
>1 g/L Lab water
Kemira, (1999) High performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) 7.6-1141 mg/L
Lab water (6.8-340 mg/L H2O2 can also be measured from this
method) Heinonen-Tanski and Miettinen
(2010)
2 step titration method with ammonium cerium sulphate for H2O2 and with
thiosulphate for PFA
0.01-40 mg/L Lab water (Organisms were spiked in lab water)
1.4.2 Disinfection effect
Reference Dose (mg/l) Time (min) Effectiveness Conditions/ Source Remarks
Gehr et al. (2009)
0,5 5 2,70 log fecal coliforms
Primary Effluent
4 10 >6 log fecal coliforms
5-6 90 4-6 log Enterococcus
Ragazzo et al. (2013)
1 10 0.3 log Enterococcus
2.6 log E.coli
Secondary clarifier outlet
Batch trials (ct available)
1 30-60 1.9 log Enterococcus
2.7 log E. coli
3 10 1.9 log Enterococcus
2,4 log E. coli
3 30-60 1.9 log Enterococcus
3.0 log E. coli
5 10 1.9 log Enterococcus
2.6 log E. coli
5 30-60 1.9 log Enterococcus
2.9 log E. coli
Karpova et al. (2013)
0.4-0.5 Not defined 1 log E. Coli 1 log Entercoccus
Secondary effluent
Case Finland 1.7-2.2 Not defined 1 log DNA-coliphages
3.5 Not defined 1 log MS2 oliphages 2-10 5 min (to get 50
mg·minl-1 Ct)
>3 log fecal coliform,
Enterococcus, Salmonella Case Mexico
Heinonen-Tanski and
Miettinen (2010) 2.56 5 min 4.41 log E. coli (ATCC 13706) 3.39 log S. typhimurium
Lab spiking experiment to determine positive growth
Tested on low temperature (2.5°C)
1.4.3 Toxicity and residual by-products
Reference Ecotoxicity measured By-products Conditions/ Source
Remarks
Kemira, (2012b)
Formic acid: Danio rerio (zebrafish) LC50/96 h 203 to 130 mg / L Daphnia magna EC50/48 h 365 mg / L
Hydrogen Peroxide:
Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) LC50/96 h :16.4 mg / L
Daphnia EC50/48 h: 2.4 mg /L
Not available for PFA
1.5 Hydrogen peroxide (H
2O
2) 1.5.1 Analytical method
Reference Method/ Principle Concentration Range Source/ Remarks
Kemira, (2006)2006 Titration with ammonium cerium sulphate
for H2O2 >1g/L Lab water
DHI, (2010) DPD method with peroxidase 0.005-0.1 mg/L Treated wastewater
Badar et al (1988) DPD method with peroxidase 0.3µg/L- Distilled, drinking, different types of surface water and rain water Gehr et al. (2009) Titration with ammonium cerium sulphate
for H2O2 Primary effluent
Pedersen et al. (2013) DPD method with peroxidase >5-10µg/L Tertiary Sand filter (Article from Aarhus vand)
1.5.2 Toxicity and residual by-products
Reference Ecotoxicity measured By-products Conditions/ Source
Remarks
MacPhee and Ruelle, (1969)
Oncorhynchus kisutch (Coho salmon) LC50/96 h: 10 mg/L
Shurtleff, (1989)
Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) LC50: 16,4 mg/L
Daphnia pulex EC50/48 h: 4,2 mg/L
Kay et al. (1982) Microcystis 1.7 mg/L Chlorophyll reduced to
<5% after 48 h
1.6 Permanganate 1.6.1 Analytical method
Reference Method/ Principle Concentration Range Remarks
APHA, (2012) Spectrophotometric method -4500 0.5-100 mg/L Expected abs for
1 mg/L= 0.016
References
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