This PhD study is based on the following articles, as shown in figure 18:
Figure 18: Paper Overview
Table 5 gives a more comprehensive description of each paper and contribution towards overall study
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Table 5: An Overview over Included Papers; Publication Outlets, Main Contributions and Co-Authors # Full name and publicationBrief description Contribution towards overall study Co-authors I The Value of Open Government Data: A Strategic Analysis Framework Paper presented in the 2012 Pre-ICIS e- Government Workshop, 2012, Orlando, U.S.
A theoretical framework of four value drivers of open data, based on preliminary qualitative data, use cases and literature review.
Paper I discusses the importance of open data strategy and goal setting. The paper alsoidentifies the four most prominent value drivers that are frequently cited as goals of ODIs. The paper also discussed what type of value (social and economic) is expected from each of them. Finally, the paper proposes thatevaluationof ODIs is highly important, as it influences strategy and affects the financial sustainability of ODIs.
Michel Avital Niels Bjørn- Andersen II The Generative Mechanisms of Open Government Data In Proceedings of the 21st European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), 2013, Utrecht, The Netherlands
A conceptual model illustrating the nomological network consisting of open data, societal level enabling factors, four value generating mechanisms and value. Based on preliminary qualitative data, use cases and Paper II discusses unique (infrastructural) features of open data and how they influence value generation. The article utilizes narratives from use cases to give examples of how use of open data contributes togenerate social and economic value throughfour distinct value generatingmechanisms. Paper II also discusses the contextual factors that Michel Avital Niels Bjørn- Andersen
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# Full name and publicationBrief description Contribution towards overall study Co-authors literature review. are important to value generation. III Generating Value from Open Government Data In Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), 2013, Milan, Italy The first (pilot) PLS study, which extends and tests the conceptual model presented in paper II with secondary country-level data for 2012.
Paper III extents Paper II by empirically testing the hypotheses proposed in the conceptual model. Due to the challenge of measuring different theoretical constructs related to open data value generation, this study called for more detailed descriptions and definitions of constructs, which contributed back to the qualitative studies. The paper introduced a first version of a value construct and a first version of the open data construct.
Michel Avital Niels Bjørn- Andersen IV Data-driven Innovation through Open Government Data Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 9(2), pp. 100-120 (2014)
A case study of the company Opower, focusing in particular on use of data for innovation purposes. Thisstudy is multilevel in nature, and discusses the micro-macro mechanisms and the informal interactions between publicand Paper IV focuses on the demand side, particularly on which aspects or dimensions of open dataare most important for private sector users (engagement). The case discusses use of open data in the specific case of Opower. The studyanalyses the interaction between levels; the importance of certain societal and organizational level enabling factors for a private company that uses Michel Avital Niels Bjørn- Andersen
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# Full name and publicationBrief description Contribution towards overall study Co-authors private stakeholders.open data for creating societal level value. Moreover, the article touches upon how recognition of this value (evaluation) will influence government open data strategy and goal setting. V Generating Sustainable Value from Open Data in a Sharing Society Presented at IFIP WG 8.6 in Aalborg, 2014 In Creating Value for All Through IT, edited by Birgitta Bergvall- Kåreborn and Peter Axel Nielsen, pp. 243-260. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer A theory development paper that delves deeper into the previously mentioned micro-macro level relationships. The overarching focus is on how private and public sectors can collaboratively address societal challenges by using open data as a “tool”.
Paper V discusses how societal challenges defy current structures and boundaries. The article proposes that both public and private stakeholders must act collectively in order to address these challenges. It is suggested that opendata can facilitate boundarycrossing without demanding rigorous cross-boundary governance. Paper V also discusses the importance of creating the right societal level context that willprovide individuals withthe motivation, opportunity and ability to generate sustainable value from open data. Thispaper is the firstto conceptualize Sustainable value.
Michel Avital Niels Bjørn- Andersen
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# Full name and publicationBrief description Contribution towards overall study Co-authors VI Managing Complexity across Multiple Dimensions of Open Government Data Currently under review in Government Information Quarterly. (corresponding editor Marijn Janssen) A case study of the Danish Basic Data Program (BDP). The relationships between open data value drivers/evaluation, the ODI strategy process and the actual ODI planning and deployment are explored in-depth in this study.
PaperVI focuses on thesupply-side of open data. Discusses relevant Governance mechanisms, which emerged from the qualitative interviews and observations as being one of the most important factors for successful dissemination of liquid open data. The article identifies four tensions relevant to thisspecific ODI. I furthermore suggest how ODIs can actuallyattend to competing demands simultaneously, andconsequently create synergies from these tensions. This paper is the first to conceptualize Liquid open data, which is later used as a construct in the quantitative study.
Single authored
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# Full name and publicationBrief description Contribution towards overall study Co-authors VII Driving Sustainable Value: A Conceptual Model of Open Data as a Resource This is an unpublished and un-edited manuscript which we intend for a journal.
The second PLS study where we used secondary country-level data from 2013 totest the final version of conceptual model.
Paper VII introduces the final conceptual model and empirically tests the proposed relationships between liquid open data, four societal level contextual factors, manifestations of the event of using open data for value generation and sustainable value. Paper VII is the first to define the Information sharing mechanismas an alternative to the Market mechanisms. We furthermore suggest that we can measure these separately by looking for shared digital content on the one hand and the extent to which society provides innovative digital products and services on the other hand. Suggests how we can measure Liquid open dataand Sustainable value.
Michel Avital Niels Bjørn- Andersen
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# Full name and publicationBrief description Contribution towards overall study Co-authors VIII Innovation in the Open Data Ecosystem: Exploring the role of real options thinking and multi-sided platforms for sustainable value generation through open data In Analytics, Innovation and Excellence Driven Enterprise Sustainability, edited by Rick Edgeman, Elias G. Carayannis and Stavros Sindakis, Palgrave Studies in Democracy, Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Growth. (Forthcoming in 2015).
A book chapter exploring the role of two sided markets tostimulate synergies between information sharing and market type mechanisms. Suggest use ofreal options methods for evaluation purposes, to stimulate interest and investment in ODIs.
Paper VIII is an exploratory theory development paper that discusses the importance ofintermediaries for facilitating conversion of opendata to shared digital content and commercial digital products and services. Discusses how Multi Sided Platforms (MSPs) can create synergies between the two types of value generating mechanisms identified in paper VII for superior sustainable value generation. The paper proposes that we currently experience an Open Data Value Paradox. To boost investment in open data, we need to understand the most important features that influence generation of value and how we can measure this value (evaluation mechanisms). Otherwise, ODIs might never be able to justifycontinuing investment in open data platforms. I suggest the use of real options valuation methods to accommodate the infrastructural features of open data.
Single authored