• Ingen resultater fundet

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

N/A
N/A
Info
Hent
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Del "Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology"

Copied!
33
0
0

Indlæser.... (se fuldtekst nu)

Hele teksten

(1)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Summer School 2014, Aalborg, Denmark

August 5, 2014 Samuel Simon Araya

ssa@et.aau.dk

Department of Energy Technology Aalborg University

Denmark

(2)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Dept. of Energy Technology

Introduction to fuel cells History

Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

(3)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel 2 cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Introduction to fuel cells

Definition A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the internal energy of gases into electrical energy, directly and continuously through chemical reactions.

Excess H

2

H

2

O + heat

H

2

Inlet O

2

Inlet

H+

H+ H+

H+ e-

e- e- H2 H2

H2

H2 H+ H+

H+ O2 O2

O2

O2

e- e-

e- e-

H+ H+

Cathode Anode

e- O2

O2

(4)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

3 History

Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Dept. of Energy Technology

History

1839 William Grove makes the first H 2 -O 2 fuel cell

1950’s PEM fuel cell is invented at GE 1960’s NASA uses fuel cells for space

missions

2007 Fuel cells begin to be sold commercially for APUs and stationary backup power 2008 Honda FCX clarity

2015 Toyota FCV available for sale

(5)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History

4 Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Introduction to fuel cells

Why fuel cells?

”Nature favors the prepared mind” -Louis Pasteur

I No emissions

I Higher efficiency

I No moving parts

I Fuel flexibility

(6)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types 5

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Dept. of Energy Technology

Fuel cell types

Low temperature FC High temperature FC

I Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC)

I Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC)

I Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC)

I Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC)

I Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)

I Molten Carbonate

Fuel Cells (MCFC)

(7)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types 6

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Introduction to fuel cells

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)

Electrolyte Proton exchange membrane - Nafion, PBI Temperature LT: 50-100 C

HT: 120-200 C Power 100 W - 250 kW Applications Backup power, portable

power, µCHP, transportation

Excess H2 H2O + heat

H2 Inlet O2 Inlet

H+

H+ H+

H+ e-

e- e- H2 H2

H2

H2 H+ H+

H+ O2 O2

O2

O2

e- e-

e- e-

H+ H+

MEA Cathode

Electrolyte Anode

e- O2

O2

Pros Cons

Compact, less corrision problems, insensitivity to orientation in space, high power density

Water management prob-

lems, expensive platinum

catalyst, sensitive to CO

(8)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types 7

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Dept. of Energy Technology

Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)

Electrolyte Proton exchange membrane Temperature LT: 25-90 C

HT: 100-150 C Power 1 W - 100 W Applications Portable power,

mobile electronic devices

Pros Cons

Methanol is more en- ergy dense and easier to transport than hydrogen

Low efficiency, expensive

platinum catalyst

(9)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types 8

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Introduction to fuel cells

Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC)

Electrolyte Alkaline solution, generally KOH Temperature LT: 23-70 C

HT: 100-250 C Power 100 W - 100 kW Applications Military, space

Pros Cons

High performance, non- noble-metal catalyst

Electrolyte sensitive to

CO 2

(10)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types 9

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Dept. of Energy Technology

Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)

Electrolyte Liquid phosphoric acid

Temperature 150-200 C Power 150 kW - 11 MW Applications µCHP

Pros Cons

Mature technology, no- noble metals

Low power density, contin-

uous operation

(11)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types 10

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Introduction to fuel cells

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)

Electrolyte Solid Oxide Temperature 600-850 C Power 1 kW - 3 MW Applications µCHP

Pros Cons

High efficiency, long-term stability, fuel flexibility

Significant ohmic losses,

high thermal stress

(12)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types 11

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Dept. of Energy Technology

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)

Electrolyte Molten carbonate salt

Temperature 600-700 C Power 1 kW - 1 MW Applications µCHP

Pros Cons

High efficiency, fuel flexi- bility

The carbonate ions are

consumed, high thermal

stress

(13)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production 12 Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production

Characteristics of hydrogen

I Hydrogen is an energy carrier, not an energy source.

Hydrogen can store and deliver usable energy, but it doesn’t typically exist by itself in nature; it must be produced from compounds that contain it.

I Production of hydrogen requires feedstock and energy input.

I Hydrogen has high energy content per weight, however

energy density per volume is quite low.

(14)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production 13 Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Dept. of Energy Technology

Hydrogen production

Figure: Hydrogen energy system

(15)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production 14 Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production

(16)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production 15 Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Dept. of Energy Technology

Hydrogen production - Thermal processes

(17)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production 16 Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production - Electrolytic processes

(18)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production 17 Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Dept. of Energy Technology

Hydrogen production - Photolytic processes

Photo-electrolysis

(19)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production

18 Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen storage

Requirements

Hydrogen has the lowest storage density of all fuels

I Low cost materials and components, low cost and high volume manufacturing methods

I Compact and lightweight materials and components

I Storage efficiency

I Durability

I Fast refueling time

I Codes and standards (safety and reliability)

(20)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production

19 Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Dept. of Energy Technology

Hydrogen storage - in tanks

Compressed gas storage

Physical storage of compressed hydrogen gas in high pressure tanks (up to 700 bar)

10% of the HHV needed to pressurize from 0-700 bar

(21)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production

20 Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen storage - in tanks

Cryogenic liquid storage

The most common way to store hydrogen in a liquid form is to cool it down to cryogenic temperatures (−253 C).

30 % of the HHV consumed in the liquefaction process

(22)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production

21 Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Dept. of Energy Technology

Hydrogen storage - in advanced materials

Materials-based storage

Within the structure or on the surface of certain materials, as

well as in the form of chemical compounds that undergo a

chemical reaction to release hydrogen

(23)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage

22 Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen safety

Characteristics of H 2

I Odorless, colorless and tasteless

I Lighter than air and diffuses rapidly

I Buoyant

(24)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage

23 Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Dept. of Energy Technology

Hydrogen safety

Some of hydrogen’s differences provide safety benefits compared to gasoline or other fuels

Figure: FCV Left & ICE Right at 3 Seconds, 60 Seconds, and 90

Seconds

(25)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution 24

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen distribution

H 2 distribution today

I Pipeline

I High-Pressure Tube Trailers (trucks)

(26)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution 25

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Dept. of Energy Technology

Hydrogen distribution

Figure: Current hydrogen fuel stations in blue, hydrogen stations in

development in orange

(27)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation 26 Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Applications

Transportation: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)

(28)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation 27 Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Dept. of Energy Technology

Transportation: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)

Toyota FCV teaser

(29)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation 28 Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks

Applications

Transportation: Fuel Cell Ship

(30)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation

29 Stationary

Portable

Concluding remarks

Dept. of Energy Technology

Stationary: Micro Combined Heat and Power (µCHP)

Over 45% electrical efficiency, and up to 98% total efficiency of

fuel conversion if the heat is used

(31)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary

30 Portable

Concluding remarks

Applications

Portable

(32)

Future Smart Energy - Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology

Samuel Simon Araya

Introduction to fuel cells

History Why fuel cells?

Fuel cell types

Fuel and infrastructure

Hydrogen production Hydrogen storage Hydrogen safety Hydrogen distribution

Applications

Transportation Stationary Portable

Concluding remarks 31

Dept. of Energy Technology

Significance

“Given the number of advantages over conven- tional energy conversion devices that include higher efficiency, versatility and fuel flexibility, and considering also the urgency for shift in trend towards greener sources of energy, the role of fuel cells is crucial for a future global energy system that considers the environmen- tal and socio-economic advantages to our soci- eties.”

Challenges: Cost, Durability, Infrastructure

(33)

Thank you for your attention

In case you have any questions or comments please do not hesitate to contact me. You can find my contact details below.

Samuel Simon Araya ssa@et.aau.dk Pontoppidanstræde 101

9220 Aalborg Øst

Referencer

RELATEREDE DOKUMENTER

Impact of energy efficiency measures on hydropower and thermal generation on the national level and in the Drina river basin The implementation of energy efficiency measures and

However, building systems provide a significant increase in the energy efficiency of the building and the heating and cooling energy demand are associated with high energy

The advantages of hydrogen EVs over BEVs are shorter charging time, comparable to the charging time of ICE cars, and higher specific energy. Taking into account onboard

Kær, “High temperature PEM fuel cell performance characterisation with CO and CO2 using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol..

This includes both the results of the modeling of a reformed methanol fuel cell powered street sweeping machine and the efficiency gains achieved using it, the modeling and control

The problem of controlling a hybrid energy storage system, used in electric vehicles, has been addressed. The system consists of a PEM fuel cell as the main source and a

In other words, the Smart Energy Systems concept couples with the concepts defined in the previous subchapters to make clear that future renewable fuel production must

Introducing flexibility while maintaining fuel efficient renewable energy systems With a starting point in the three reference energy systems, the energy system in IDA 2015, IDA