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Department of Policy Analysis Jytte Boll IllerupMorten WintherErik LyckHenrik Gundorph Bruun 1998

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Jytte Boll Illerup Morten Winther

Erik Lyck

Henrik Gundorph Bruun Department of Policy Analysis

National Environmental Research Institute Ministry of Environment and Energy

Denmark September 2000

1998

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Introduction

Since 1994 the National Environmental Re- search Institute (NERI) has carried out the Danish atmospheric emissions inventory within the frame of the European CORINAIR (CO-ordination of INformation on AIR emis- sions) air emission inventory system. The Danish CORINAIR-database makes the basis for official reports to international conventions such as the UNECE Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) under the Inter- governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

The two international conventions deal with regional and global air pollution effects and this survey covers the pollutants reported to these conventions.

The national inventory is mainly made accor- ding to the CORINAIR guidelines (Richardson (Ed) 1999) and the IPCC guidelines (Houghton et al., 1997). Parts of the inventories have been elaborated in order to reflect specific national conditions better. The emissions in this survey are categorised as prescribed in the UNECE reporting Guidelines. The emissions are not corrected for electricity trade or temperature variations during the year except for CO2 where both actual and corrected emissions are shown.

The National Inventory Report to UNFCCC in the IPCC format can be seen in Illerup et al.

(2000) and is also available at NERI’s homepage

www.dmu.dk.

Emission inventories are frequently updated and adjusted, as more or better information becomes available. As a consequence, the data in this report may be different from previously reported emissions.

Pollutants

Time series and distribution of emissions on main sectors for 1998 are shown for SO2, NOx, CO2, CO, NMVOC, CH4, N2O and NH3.

Total emissions are given for heavy metals (1990 and 1998) and for dioxin and PAH (1994 and 1998).

Pollutants Formula, Pollutant Formula,

abbreviation abbreviation

Sulphur dioxide SO2 (1) (2) Arsenic As (1)

Nitrogen oxides NOx (1) (2) Cadmium Cd (1)

Carbon dioxide CO2 (1) (2) Chromium Cr (1)

Carbon monoxide CO (1) (2) Copper Cu (1)

None-Methane NMVOC (1) (2) Mercury Hg (1)

Volatile Organic Compounds

Methane CH4 (1) (2) Nickel Ni (1)

Nitrous oxide N2O (2) Lead Pb (1)

Ammonia NH3 (1) Selenium Se (1)

Dioxins Dioxins (1) Zinc Zn (1)

Polycyclic PAH (1) Hydrofluorocarbons HFCs (2)

Aromatic Perfluorocarbons PFCs (2)

Hydrocarbons Sulphurhexafluoride SF6 (2)

The pollutions reported to UNECE (1) and

UNFCCC (2)

Fotos: CDanmark

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0 100 200 300 400 500

75 80 85 90 95

SO2(kton)

Other sources 2%

Other mobile sources 6%

Road transport 3%

Combustion in manufacturing industry 13%

Non-industrial combustion

plants 5% Combustion

in energy industry 71%

SO2

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

75 80 85 90 95

NOx(kton)

Other sources 1%

Other mobile sources 25%

Road transport 32%

Combustion in manufacturing industry 7%

Non-industrial combustion plants 3%

Combustion in energy industry 32%

NOX

Other sources Nature and forestry Agriculture Waste treatment and disposal

Other mobile sources Road transport Solvents

Extraction and distri- bution of fossile fuels Production processes Combustion in manufacturing industry Non-industrial combustion plants Combustion in energy industry

Total Total, corrected

NO

x

(NO +NO

2

)

About half of the Danish emissions of NOx stem from road transport and other mobile sources. Another large source is public power stations. In contrast to the SO2 emission trend, the NOx emissions have only shown a slight decrease. Despite of increasing road traffic the emission from this sector has decreased since 1990, as a result of the introduction of catalyst cars.

SO

2

The main part of the SO2 emissions originates from the combustion of fossil fuels – mainly coal and oil – on public power plants and dis- trict heating plants. The emissions have de- creased significantly from 1980 to 1998 due to increased use of low-sulphur fuels and installa- tion of desulphurization plants. The relatively large fluctuations in the emissions are due to cross-country electricity trade. Thus the high emissions in 1991 and 1996 reflect a conside- rable electricity export.

SO2 NOx NMVOC CH4 CO CO2 N2O NH3

ton ton ton ton ton kton ton ton

Combustion in energy

and transformation industry 55180 73084 1681 19557 13440 31506 1009 0

Non-industrial combustion plants 3528 6316 9582 8195 158325 6130 194 0

Combustion in manufacturing industry 9923 15440 802 983 7714 5286 148 0

Production processes 1441 348 5061 45 0 1436 0 0

Extraction and distribution

of fossil fuels and geotermel energy 0 0 5523 14053 31290 0 0 0

Solvent and other product use 0 0 38864 0 0 121 0 0

Road transport 1964 76492 52058 3102 305716 11204 1315 1824

Other mobile sources and machinery 4799 57393 13590 785 69740 3705 162 7

Waste treatment and disposal 70 2197 615 56540 1415 421 7 0

Agriculture 0 0 1222 183514 0 0 20755 102441

Other sources and sinks 0 0 14095 354238 0 -973 6867 0

Total 76904 231270 143094 641011 587639 58836 30458 104272

The distribution of emissions on main sectors are based on the emissions reported to UNECE for 1998.

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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

CO (kton)

75 80 85 90 95

Other mobile sources 12%

Road transport Extraction and

distribution of fossile fuels 5%

Combustion in manufacturing industry 1%

Non-industrial combustion plants 27%

Combustion in energy industry 2%

CO

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 CH4(kton)

75 80 85 90 95

Nature and

forestry 56% Agriculture 29%

Waste treatment and disposal 9%

Extraction and distribution of fossile fuels 2%

Non-industrial combustion plants 1%

Combustion in energy industry 3%

CH4

CO

Even though catalyst cars were introduced in 1990, road transport still has the dominant share of the total CO emission. Also other mo- bile sources and non-industrial combustion plants contribute significantly to the total emis- sions of this specie.

CH

4

There are two main sources to CH4 emissions:

nature and agriculture. Natural sources con- tribute with more than half of the emissions and originate mainly from anaerobic processes in wetlands. The emission from agriculture de- rives from enteric fermentation and manage- ment of animal manure.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

75 80 85 90 95

CO2(kton)

Other sources 2%

Other mobile sources 6%

Road transport 19%

Combustion in manufacturing industry 9%

Non-industrial combustion plants 10%

Combustion in energy industry 54%

CO2

CO

2

The large sources for emission of CO2 are com- bustion of coal, oil and natural gas in power plants, residential and industrial plants. In general the actual CO2 emission shows an in- creasing trend while the emission corrected for electricity trade and temperature variations shows a decreasing trend in the recent years.

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0 50 100 150 200 250 NMVOC (kton)

75 80 85 90 95

Other sources 10%

Nature and forestry10%

Other mobile sources 9%

Road transport 37%

Solvents 27%

Non-industrial combustion plants 7%

NMVOC

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 N2O (kton)

75 80 85 90 95

Other sources 2%

Nature and forestry 23%

Agriculture 68%

Road transport 4%

Combustion in energy industry 3%

N2O

0 30 60 90 120 150

75 80 85 90 95

NH3(kton)

Agriculture 98%

Road transport 2%

NH3

NMVOC

The emissions of NMVOC originate from many different sources – both anthropogenic and natural – and can be divided into two main types: Incomplete combustion and evaporation. The main sources to NMVOC emissions from incomplete combustion pro- cesses are road vehicles and other mobile sources such as sea vessels and off-road ma- chinery. Road transportation vehicles are still main contributors even though the emissions have declined since the introduction of catalyst cars in 1990. The evaporative emissions mainly originate from forestry and use of solvent.

N

2

O

Agriculture is the most important N2O emis- sion source. N2O is emitted from agricultural crops and formed in soil from nitrogen in ma- nure and fertilisers. Substantial emissions also come from drainage water and coastal waters where nitrogen is converted to N2O through bacterial processes. However, the nitrogen con- verted in these processes originates mainly from the agricultural use of manure and ferti- lisers.

NH

3

Almost all atmospheric emissions of NH3 result from agricultural activities. The main part is emitted from manure management while a minor part comes from the use of fertilisers.

By the end of 2000 the NH3 inventory will be adjusted according to new scientific work at NERI (Andersen, et al., 1999).

Other sources Nature and forestry Agriculture Waste treatment and disposal

Other mobile sources Road transport Solvents

Extraction and distri- bution of fossile fuels Production processes Combustion in manufacturing industry Non-industrial combustion plants Combustion in energy industry

Total Total, corrected

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NH345%

NOx37%

SO218%

SF61%

PFC, HFC, N2O 13%

CH48%

CO278%

Heavy metals

The reason for the reduced emissions is mainly the increased use of gas cleaning devices at power and district heating plants (including waste incineration plants). The large reduction in the Pb emission is due to gradual shift to- wards unleaded gasoline being essential for catalyst cars.

Dioxins and PAHs

Greenhouse gases

Danish greenhouse gas emissions in 1998 ap- portioned by type of total antropogenic emis- sions in CO2-equivalents. CO2 is the most im- portant greenhouse gas followed by CH4 and N2O in relative importance. The share from HFCs, PFCs and SF6 is less than 1%.

Acidifying gases

Emission of Danish acidifying gases in 1998 in terms of acid equivalents. The most important acidification factor in Denmark today is ammo- nia nitrogen.

Total emissions for 1994 and 1998:

Dioxins and Furans (g toxic eq.) PAHs (kg)

1994 15 9848

1998 20 10490

Total emissions for 1990 og 1998:

(kg) As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Se Zn

1990 1447 1123 6200 9670 3171 26479 124234 4233 34353

1998 846 775 2696 9384 1948 18910 7832 2830 22953

% red. 42 31 57 3 39 29 94 33 33

In general the most important sources of heavy metal emissions are combustion of fossil fuels and waste. Despite the increased consumption of these fuels from 1990 to 1998, the heavy me- tal emissions have decreased substantially. The reductions are between 3% and 94% for Cu and Pb, respectively.

Both the dioxin and the PAH emission figures are uncertain compared to the estimated emissions for the other pollutants. Ongoing work at the

Danish Environmental Protection Agency may improve future dioxin emission inventories.

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Progress towards targets

Pollutants Base year Target year Target Reduction Projected reduction Reduction (%) in 1998 (%) in target year

(Fenhann, 1999)

UNECE-CLRTAP SO2 1980 2000 80 85 -

sulphur protocol

UNECE-CLRTAP NOx 1987 1994 0 15 (1994) -

NOx protocol

UNECE-CLRTAP NOx 1986 1998 30 28 -

NOx protocol – voluntary agreement

UNECE-CLRTAP VOC 1985 1999 30 31 -

VOC protocol

UNFCCC CO2, N2O, 1990: 2008-2012 21*) 5 17

Kyoto-protocol CH4, HFC’s, CO2, N2O, CH4 (not yet ratified) PFC’s SF6 1995:

HFC’s, PFC’s, SF6

*) Based on CO2 emissions adjusted for import of electricity in 1990.

In the sulphur protocol under the UNECE- CLRTAP Denmark is obligated to reduce the SO2 emission with 80 % from 1980 to 2000. This target is likely to be met since the reduction was 85 % in 1998.

The general target in the NOx protocol is a stabilation of the NOx emission at 1987 level in 1994. In this period Denmark achieved a reduc- tion of 15 %. In addition, Denmark agreed to-

gether with ten other countries - on a voluntary basis - to reduce the NOx emissions from 1986 to 1998 by 30 % and this target was almost reached. Also the target in the VOC-protocol seems to be fulfilled.

If the target in the Kyoto protocol is to be archived, new actions in order to reduce the greenhouse gases in Denmark are needed.

Aviation 0.2%

Navigation 66.6%

Railways 1.3%

2-wheelers 0.1%

Buses 3.8%

Trucks 10.8%

Vans 9.1%

Private cars 8.1%

SO2

Aviation 0.3%

Navigation 5.6%

Railways 0.3%

2-wheelers 9.6%

Buses 1.6%

Trucks 4.7%

Vans 5.8%

Private cars 72.1%

VOC

Aviation 0.7%

Navigation 20.2%

Railways 2.3%

2-wheelers 0.2%

Buses 8.9%

Trucks 21.2% Vans 7.3%

Private cars 39.2%

NOx

Aviation 1.5%

Navigation 9.0%

Railways 1.9%

2-wheelers 0.9%

Buses 5.8%

Trucks 16.5%

Vans 15.1%

Private cars 49.3%

CO2

Emissions from the transport sector

Distribution of the emissions of SO2, NOx, CO2 and VOC from the transport sector on different categories.

The reduction of the emission of pollutants according to existing protocols.

With emission shares of 88, 77 and 94% respectively, road transportation vehicles are major contributors to the emissions of CO2, NOx and VOC from the transport sector. Private cars alone contribute with 49, 39 and 72% of this overall emission total.

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Publisher: National Environmental Research Institute Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde Tel. +45 4630 1200, Fax +45 4630 1114

e-mail: dmu@dmu.dk

Layout and production: DMU/Grafisk Værksted, Roskilde Year of publication: 2000

Printing: Scanprint as. Certified according to ISO 9002, ISO 14001 and the Nordic Eco-labelling scheme.

EMAS (Environmental management) registered.

Paper: 100% Danish recycled paper, Cyclus Offset.

Organic solvent-free vegetable printing dyes.

Number printed: 500

Literature

Andersen, J. M., Sommer, S. G., Hutchings, N. J., Kristensen, V. F. og Poulsen, H. D. (1999): Emission af ammoniak fra landbruget - status og kilder. Rapport fra Danmarks JordbrugsForskning og Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, 71 pp.

Fenhann, J. (1999): Projections of Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, Ozone Precursors and Sulphur Dioxide from Danish Sources until 2012. Report from the Danish Energy Agency.

Holten-Andersen, J., Christensen, N., Kristiansen, L. W., Kristensen, P and Emborg, L. (Eds.) (1998): The State of the Environment in Denmark, 1997. National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark. Tech- nical Report No. 243, 288 pp.

Houghton, J. T., Meira Filho, L. G., Lim, B., Tréanton, K., Mamaty, I., Bonduki, Y. Griggs, D. J. and Callander, B. A. (Eds) (1997): Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reporting Instructions. Revised 1996. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Vol 1, 2 and 3. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), IPCC WGI Technical Support Unit, United Kingdom.

Illerup, J.B., Geertinger, A., Hoffmann, L. og Christiansen, K., (1999): Emissionsfaktorer for tungmetaller 1990 - 1996. Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser. Faglig rapport fra DMU nr. 301, 66 pp.

Illerup, J. B., Lyck, E., Winther, M., and Rasmussen, E. (2000): Denmark’s National Inventory Report – Submitted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Samfund og Miljø – Emission Inventories. Research Notes, National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark no. 127, 326 pp.

Illerup, J. B., Winther, M., Lyck, E. og Fenger, J. (1999): Hvor kommer luftforureningen fra? - fakta om kilder, stoffer og udvikling. Temarapport fra DMU nr. 29. Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, Roskilde, 32 pp.

Richardson, S. (Ed) (1999): Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook, Joint EMEP/CORINAIR, Sec- ond Edition. Vol. 1, 2 and 3. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Winther M., Illerup, J. B., Fenhann, J. and Kilde, N. A. (1999): The Danish CORINAIR Inventories.

Timeseries 1975-1996 of Emissions to the Atmosphere. The National Environmental Research Institute, Roskilde, Denmark. Technical Report no. 287, 83 pp. 8.

Contacts

Senior Scientist Jytte Boll Illerup, Senior Scientist Erik Lyck, Scientist Morten Winther, Computer Professional Henrik Gundorph Bruun.

National Environmental Research Institute, Department of Policy Analysis, Frederiksborgvej 399 P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Telehone +45 46 30 12 00, E-mail jbi@dmu.dk The emission data used for presentation in this survey can be found at the internet address:

http://www.dmu.dk

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