Økonomisk og miljømæssig vurdering af vandeffektive teknologier på danske mejerier: Eco-efficiency (Bilag F)

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Økonomisk og miljømæssig vurdering af vandeffektive teknologier på danske mejerier:

Eco-efficiency (Bilag F)

Larsen, Sille Lyster; Rygaard, Martin

Published in:

Vandeffektive mejerier - et partnerskab på vejen mod det vandløse mejeri (bilagsrapport)

Publication date:

2017

Document Version

Også kaldet Forlagets PDF Link back to DTU Orbit

Citation (APA):

Larsen, S. L., & Rygaard, M. (2017). Økonomisk og miljømæssig vurdering af vandeffektive teknologier på

danske mejerier: Eco-efficiency (Bilag F). I Vandeffektive mejerier - et partnerskab på vejen mod det vandløse

mejeri (bilagsrapport) (s. 63-146). Miljøstyrelsen.

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Vandeffektive mejerier - et partnerskab på vejen mod det vandløse mejeri

BILAGSRAPPORT

Juni 2017

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2 Miljøstyrelsen / Emne / Titel på rapport

Udgiver: Miljøstyrelsen Redaktion: DHI

ISBN: 978-87-7120-946-4

Miljøstyrelsen vil, når lejligheden gives, offentliggøre rapporter og indlæg vedrørende forsknings- og udviklingsprojek- terinden for miljøsektoren, finansieret af Miljøstyrelsens undersøgelsesbevilling. Det skal bemærkes, at en sådan offentliggørelse ikke nødvendigvis betyder, at det pågældende indlæg giver udtryk for Miljøstyrelsens synspunkter.

Offentliggørelsen betyder imidlertid, at Miljøstyrelsen finder, at indholdet udgør et væsentligt indlæg i debatten om- kring den danske miljøpolitik.

Må citeres med kildeangivelse.

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Miljøstyrelsen / Emne / Titel på rapport 3

Indhold

1. Bilag 1 5

2. Bilag 2 62

3. Bilag 3 147

4. Bilag 4 191

5. Bilag 5 194

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Forord til bilagsrapport

Denne rapport er et selvstændigt bilag til hovedrapporten for det ”Vandeffektive Mejeri”. Bi- lagsrapportens enkeltbilag understøtter hver for sig de enkelte afsnit i hovedrapporten.

Bilagsrapportens bilag 1 præsenterer detaljerede kortlægninger af de mejerier som er kortlagt og understøtter dermed afsnit 1 i hovedrapporten.

Bilag 2 viser detaljerede resultater af de eco-efficiency analyser af udvalgte teknologiske løs- ninger der er foretaget i projektet. Bilaget giver også en mere detaljeret beskrivelse af den anvendte metode.

Bilag 3 er en beskrivelse af det udkast til Branchekode for (gen)anvendelsen af vand i mejerier som indgår som kapitel 8 i den nye branchekode for mejerier. Bilaget understøtter dermed afsnit 3 i hovedrapporten.

Bilag 4 viser en oversigt over de videnspredningsaktiviteter der er foretaget under projektet.

Bilag 5 sammenstiller litteratur om fouling af RO-membraner

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Bilag 1

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Bilag 2

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Bilag 3

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Bilag 4

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Dato Mødets navn/titel på præsentation

Estimeret antal deltagere (antal mejerier)

Partner

9. oktober 2014 Mejeriteknisk Forening, Billund

30 (15) L&F

28. oktober 2014 Foodtec, Herning 20 (5) L&F 25. november 2014 Fødevaresikkerhed på

Tværs

Arbejdsgruppe L&F

17. marts 2015 Forum For Virksom- hedsmiljø

10 (1) L&F

11. maj 2015 Møde hos Danmark Protein

? L&F

13. maj 2015 INNO+ Kickoff seminar 30 (2) L&F

20. maj 2015 Møde hos HOCO ? L&F

26. maj 2015 European Dairy Fede- ration Arbejdsgruppen for miljø og bæredyg- tighed

Arbejdsgruppe L&F

18. juni 2015 Møde hos Danmark Protein

? L&F

9. maj 2016 Water use and reuse in the dairy sector- per- spectives and research needs. Dairy Research Fund Network meeting, University of Copenha- gen

20 L&F

9. juni 2016 Water use and reuse in the dairy sector- per- spectives and research needs. Dairy Research Fund Network meeting, University of Copenha- gen

25 DHI

28. september 2016

Møde hos Danmark Protein

? L&F

14. januar 2016 European Dairy Fede- ration Arbejdsgruppen for hygiejne

Arbejdsgruppe L&F

29. februar 2016 Water reuse in dairies 60 DHI 29. februar 2016 Workshop on reuse of

water in the food sector

60 DHI

17. marts 2016 Møde hos Danmark Protein

? L&F

20. juni Netværksmøde for mindre mejerier

? L&F

1. september 2016 Afslutningsseminar for Vandeffektive Mejerier

29 (6) Projektets partnere

1. september 2016 Mejeriudvalget 50 DHI

Artikler:

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Pedersen, E.R.G. , Lauesen, L.M., & Rosati, F. (2016), Beyond Core Competences and Stra- tegic Assets: Managing Second-Tier Concerns in Everyday Organizational Life (Manuskript sendt til internationalt tidsskrift). En tidlig version af artiklen har været præsenteret på et Bor- wnbag Seminar her på CBS i 2016.

Pedersen, E.R.G., Lauesen, L.M. & Rosati, F. (2016), Business Challenges and Opportunities for Water Management (Work in Progress document).

Pedersen, E.R.G. and Lauesen, L.M. (2016), Competitiveness, Innovation and Water Man- agement in the Food Sector. Rapport sendt til respondenter fra ind- og udland, som ytrede interesse for projektet.

Pedersen, E.R.G. (2016), the Business (and Politics) of Business Cases, CBS Blog: http://blog.cbs.dk/BOS/2016/09/16/the-business-and-politics-of-business-cases/

Pedersen, E.R.G and Lauesen, L.M (2016), Sustainable business model innovation and water

stewardship in the food sector.” Manuskript præsenteret på konferencen: “From Science to

Society: Innovation and Value Creation”, University of Cambridge, juli 2016.

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Bilag 5 5.

Mikrobiologisk Fouling I RO-menbraner. Litteratur sammenstillet af Claus Heggum, Landbrug og Fødevarer

Claus vurderer på basis af litteraturen at denne konfirmerer essensen af, hvad DTU har fundet – at floraen varierer med lokalitet (og membranalder) og at der kan fore- komme patogener, dels dem, som stammer fra mælk og dels miljøforurening (Baccil- lus).

Dette er ikke unikt for membraner, der genererer mælkevand, men for alle RO- koncentrationsanlæg til mælkeprodukter – og her oplever vi ikke problemer i den retning – enten fordi produkterne er mikrobiologisk stabiliserede inden evt. patogener måtte vokse op eller fordi RO-koncentrater/-permeater ofte pasteuriseres igen.

Litteraturoversigt og hvad de enkelte undersøgelser viser:

Goosen et al (2004) - Fouling of reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration membranes: a criti- cal review. Separation Science and Technology, Volume 39 (10) 2004, pp 2261-2298 (Marcel Dekker)

Bacterial fouling of a surface (i.e. formation of a biofilm) can be divided into three phases:

transport of the organisms to the surface, attachment to the substratum, and growth at the surface

Fleming et al. [30] have shown that it takes about three days to completely cover a reverse osmosis membrane with a biofilm

Flemming and Schaule [20] also demonstrated that after a few minutes of contact between a membrane and raw water, the first irreversible attachment of cells occur. Pseudomonas was identified as a fast adhering species out of a tap water microflora.

Flemming et al. (1993) - How do performance parameters respond to initial biofouling on separation membranes? Vom Wasser 80 (1993), 177-186

Flemming and Schaule (1988) - Biofouling of Membranes - A Microbiological Approach. Desal- ination 70 (1988) 95-119

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Tang et al. (2009) - Factors affecting the attachment of micro-organisms isolated from ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membranes in dairy processing plants. Journal of Applied Microbiology 107 (2), 443–451

A variety of different micro-organisms is associated with dairy ultrafiltration and reverse osmo-

sis membranes after cleaning, suggesting several possible sources of contamination. The

cleaning of these membranes may be inadequate. The attachment of the different isolates is

highly variable and enhanced in the presence of whey. It can be concluded that all compo-

nents of whey may enhance bacterial attachment.

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The predominant isolates recovered from these membrane surfaces in dairy plants were Gram-negative bacteria. Whey will normally contain predominantly Gram-positive organisms from the starter population (lactic acid bacteria) or thermo-resistant species such as spore- forming Bacillus species.

Ten of our 13 strains showed no ability to attach from pure culture, which suggests that either the majority of isolates did not form biofilm but were trapped in the accumulation of protein and biofilm on the membranes, or the required conditions were not present in our experiments (e.g.

combination with other micro-organisms or specific environmental conditions required for at- tachment).

The high proportion of Gram-negative isolates, especially coliforms, found in this study indi- cates the most likely source of contamination may be the water used for dialysis, or general plant hygiene problems. Enterobacter sakazakii is a common environmental contaminant and therefore it is not too surprising that it was found together with other Gram-negative micro- organisms.

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Anand et al. (2014) - Development and Control of Bacterial Biofilms on Dairy Processing Membranes. to old article view. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, Volume 13, Issue 1, 18–33

Previous reports have revealed that 60% of the bacterial species isolated from water RO are

actively contributing to biofilm formation (Kim and others 2009. Biofouling of reverse osmosis

membranes: microbial quorum sensing and fouling propensity. Desalination 247(1–3), 303–15)

Although biofilm development is a slow process, it accumulates to a few millimeters thick in a

matter of days.

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In membrane processing systems, the feed, process configurations, and operational condi- tions are responsible for differences in biofilm structures (Chen et al. 2004. Community struc- ture of microbial biofilms associated with membrane-based water purification processes as revealed using a polyphasic approach. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 63(4),466–73).

In some recent studies (Biswas et al, 2010 - Characterization of microorganisms isolated from biofilms formed on whey reverse osmosis membranes. J Dairy Sci 93:E-Suppl 1; Avadhanula 2011. Formation of bacterial biofilms on spiral wound reverse osmosis whey concentration membranes and its influence on retentate quality [MS thesis]. South Dakota State Univ., Brookings, S.Dak.) the presence of multispecies bacterial biofilms on whey RO membranes has been reported. The identified bacterial species were from the genera Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Streptomyces, Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Klebsiella, Aer- omonas, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, and Chryseobacterium, as well as Escherichia coli.

Bacillus isolates were observed to be the most resistant among the entire constitutive microflo- ra against cleaning agents (Singh 2012 - Evaluation of a typical CIP protocol to control bacte- rial biofilms on whey reverse osmosis membranes [MS thesis]. South Dakota State Univ., Brookings, S.Dak); Anand and Singh 2013 - Resistance of the constitutive microflora of bio- films formed on whey reverse-osmosis membranes to individual cleaning steps of a typical clean-in-place protocol. J Dairy Sci 96(10):6213–22 ). Cross-contamination of whey retentate with B. cereus from whey RO membrane has recently been reported by Anand et al. 2012 - The effects of biofilms formed on whey reverse osmosis membranes on the microbial quality of the concentrated product. Int J Dairy Technol 65(3):451–5).

Milk and whey membrane processing units generally operate continuously for up to about 24 h, and then are shut down for clean-in-place in order to restore production capacity and mem- brane permeability. A decision to shut down and clean is usually made based on flux data.

In a study (Hijnen et al 2012 - Quantitative assessment of the efficacy of spiral-wound mem- brane cleaning procedures to remove biofilms. Water Res 46(19):6369–81) validated that a combination of NaOH and SDS was the most effective in cleaning RO membrane biofilms.

Similarly, Madaeni and Samieirad, 2010 - Chemical cleaning of reverse osmosis membrane

fouled by wastewater. Desalination 257(1):80–6 showed that a combination of NaOH/SDS

followed by HCl step resulted in a greater cleaning capability for eliminating foulants from RO

membrane.

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The major groups identified on whey-concentration RO-membranes were lactic acid bacteria, coliforms and E. coli, Pseudomonas spp. and Staphylococcus aureus.

The presence of potential pathogens such as S. aureus in the biofilm matrix may serve as a source of cross-contamination of whey concentrate.

Another noteworthy observation was the presence of a b-haemolytic bacterium in whey con- centrate (retentate) samples, which was not present in feed whey. The 16srDNA studies found a match with the b-haemolytic Bacilllus isolates that were concurrently isolated from the re- spective membrane biofilm samples as well. This helped to support the potential of cross- contamination of whey retentate with constitutive microflora of biofilms.

This study also evaluated the build-up of bacterial load in the feed whey samples during a typical 21-h whey concentration cycle.

…..we realised that the bacteria that might have survived the pasteurisation of whey prior to membrane filtration could serve to seed the initial biofilm formation

Anand et al. (2012) - The effects of biofilms formed on whey reverse osmosis membranes on the microbial quality of the concentrated product. International Journal of Dairy Technology 65(3), 451-455.

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