6. Discussion
6.8. Limitations and further research
This paper has several limitations. Some of them are related to my methodological choices. For example, I base my research on the job attributes identified by Tumasjan et al. (2011) and the big five personality traits, without considering additional attributes and characteristics. The use of conjoint analysis and the BFI also has its limitations and both methods are prone to errors.
These limitations and others related to my methodology are discussed in chapter four.
Then there is the question of what my findings actually show. My research objective is to identify what attracts people to startup companies and to examine what influences this. But can we use the results to conclude actual person-entrepreneurship fit? This study can not predict how the perceived person-entrepreneurship fit influence actual job choice and it can not predict actual person-entrepreneurship fit at the posthire stage. What my study can predict is prospective applicants’ subjective interpretations of fit. The respondents assess the attributes in a hypothetical setting. The conjoint experiment presents a simplified reality, with limited information. In addition, the unclear roles and structures of startup companies may make it impossible for job seekers to determine compatibility with the job offer even in a real life situation. Further research should investigate whether this subjective fit influence actual job choice in a real-life setting. If a startup highlights some of the attractive attributes identified in this paper, in their employer branding, will individuals that are attracted to these attributes be more likely to apply for a position?
Future research should also investigate whether the importances change when people actually start working in a startup. Values are shown to transform in new work environments
75 (Chatman,1991; Kohn and Schooler, 1978), and attributes that individuals found attractive when reviewing a job offer, might not be suitable in practice. For example, applicants may overestimate the value of flexible working hours in a startup setting. When experiencing this in real life, they might find that this in fact means a reduced work-life balance, and this might be unsatisfying. Future research should therefore investigate if people value the attributes they were attracted to when they reviewed the job. Do the stated preferences of prospective applicants change after they have experienced working in a startup?
Moreover, this paper does not identify a “startup employee personality profile”. I do not identify a certain composition of personality trait scores that will indicate attraction to startup companies.
Also, I do not examine whether certain personality trait scores indicate attraction to startups in general. Future studies should examine this further. Can we identify distinct personality profiles that have similar preference sets? And can a certain personality profile predict perceived fit and attractiveness towards startup companies?
These and related questions should be addressed in future research. I believe that my research provides valuable knowledge about the attractive attributes of startups and the influence of personality. This can serve as a basis for future research in this field.
76
Bibliography
Ackoff, R. L. (1963). A Manager's Guide to Operations Research. New York: John Wiley and Sons Adenuga, R. A., and Ayodele, K. O. (2013). Adolescents’entrepreneurial Behaviour: The Predictive Effect of The Big Five Personality Factors. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 1(12), 48-58.
Agarwal, R., and Ohyama, A. (2013). Industry or academia, basic or applied? Career choices and earnings trajectories of scientists. Management Science, 59(4), 950-970.
Ahmadi, M., and Helms, M. M. (1997). Small firms, big opportunities: the potential of careers for business graduates in SMEs. Education+Training, 39(2), 52-57.
Aldrich, H. E., and Fiol, C. M. (1994). Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation.
Academy of management review, 19(4), 645-670.
Alexander, S. (1999). Recruiting big as a small shop. Computer World, 33, 55.
Almeida, P. I., Ahmetoglu, G., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2014). Who wants to be an entrepreneur? The relationship between vocational interests and individual differences in entrepreneurship. Journal of Career Assessment,22(1), 102-112.
American Psychological Association. (1996). Rules and procedures: June I, 1996. American Psychologist, 51, 529-548
Andersen, S. A. (2007) Kritisk realisme som perspektiv i socialt arbejde - en introduksjon og forskningsoversigt. Social skriftserie. 8. 7-186: Den Sociale Højskole i Aarhus.
Andersen, I., (2010): Den skinbarlige virkelighed – Vidensproduksjon inden for samfundsvidenskaberne.
Samfundslitteratur. 4. 3. Frederiksberg
Asendorpf, J. B., and van Aken, M. A. G. (2003). Validity of Big Five personality judgments in childhood:
A 9-year longitudinal study. European Journal of Personality, 17, 1–17
Åstebro, T., and Thompson, P. (2011). Entrepreneurs, Jacks of all trades or Hobos?. Research Policy, 40(5), 637-649.
Audretsch, D. B. (1995). Innovation and Industry Evolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Backhaus, K., & Tikoo, S. (2004). Conceptualizing and researching employer branding. Career development international, 9(5), 501-517.
Baker, T. and Aldrich, H. E. (1994). Friends and strangers: Early hiring practices and idiosyncratic jobs. In W.D. Bygrave, S. Birley, N.C. Churchill, E. Gatewood, F. Hoy, R.H. Keeley and W.E. Wetzel (eds), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Wellesley, MA: Babson College, 75–87.
Barber, A. E. (1998). Recruiting employees: Individual and organizational perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Barber, A. E., Wesson, M. J., Roberson, Q. M., and Taylor, M. S. (1999). A Tale of Two Job Markets:
Organizational Size and its Effects on Hiring Practices and Job Search Behavior. Personnel Psychology. 52 (4):841-867.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–
120
Baron, R.A. and Markman, G.D. (2000). Beyond social capital: The role of social competence in entrepreneurs’ success. Academy of Management Executive. 14(1): 106-116.
Baron, R. A. (2003). Human resource management and entrepreneurship: some reciprocal benefits of closer links. Human Resource Management Review. 13 (2):253-256.
Baron, R.A. (2000). Counterfactual thinking and venture formation: The potential effects of thinking about
“what might have been”. Journal of Business Venturing, 15: 79-91.
77 Baron, R. A. (1998). Cognitive mechanisms in entrepreneurship: Why and when entrepreneurs think differently than other people. Journal of Business Venturing, 13: 275-294.
Baron, J. N., Hannan, M. T., and Burton, M. D. (1999). Building the iron cage: Determinants of managerial intensity in the early years of organizations. American sociological review, 527-547.
Barrick, M. R., and Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta‐
analysis. Personnel psychology, 44(1), 1-26.
Battaglia, M. P. (2008). Purposive Sample. In Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods. 1: 645. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications
Baum, J. R., Locke, E. A., and Smith, K. G. (2001). A multidimensional model of venture growth. Academy of management journal, 44(2), 292-303. Chicago
Begley, T. M., and Boyd, D. P. (1987). Psychological characteristics associated with performence in entrepreneurial firms and smaller businesses. Journal of business venturing, 2(1), 79-93.
Benet-Martinez, V., and John, O. P. (1998). Los cinco grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait-multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 75, 729–750.
Bhidé, A. V. (2000). The origin and evolution of new business. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bipp, T., Steinmayr, R., and Spinath, B. (2008). Personality and achievement motivation: Relationship among Big Five domain and facet scales, achievement goals, and intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1454–1464.
Blackman, D., and Hindle, K. (2008). 19 Would using the psychological contract increase entrepreneurial business development potential?. In International handbook of entrepreneurship and HRM, 382.
Blatt, R. (2009). Tough love: How communal schemas and contracting practices build relational capital in entrepreneurial teams. Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 533-551.
Block, J. (1995). A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description. Journal of Personality and Social Phycology, 117, 187-215.
Boyle, G. J. (1997). Crisis in traditional personality assessment: Implications for military testing.
In Proceedings of the 39 th Annual Conference of the International Military Testing Association. 61-64.
Brandstätter, H. (2011). Personality aspects of entrepreneurship: A look at five meta-analyses. Personality and individual differences, 51(3), 222-230.
Bretz, R.D., and Judge, T.A. (1994). The role of human resource systems in job applicant decision processes. Journal of Management, 20, 531 -551.
Bretz, R.D., Ash, R.A., and Dreher, G.F. (1989). Do people make the place? An examination of the attraction-selection-attrition hypothesis. Personnel Psychology, 42, 561-581.
Briggs SR. (1989). The optimal level of measurement for personality constructs. In Buss DM, Cantor N (Eds.), Personality Psychology: Recent trends and emerging directions. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Brockhaus, R.H. (1980). Risk taking propensity of entrepreneurs. Academy of Management Journal, 23, 509–20.
Burke, R.J., and Descza, E. (1982). Preferred organizational climates of Type A individuals. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 21, 50 -59.
Burns, P. and Harrison, J. (1996). Growth. In Burns P. and Dewhurst J. (eds), Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Busenitz, L. W. (1999). Entrepreneurial risk and strategic decision making it’sa matter of perspective. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 35(3), 325-340.
Buss, D.D. (1996). Help wanted desperately. Nation’s Business. 84(4), 16
78 Bygrave, W. D. and Zacharakis, A. (2007). Entrepreneurship. Hoboken, NJ: John Wilkey and Sons
Cable, D. M. and Graham, M. (2000). The Determinants of Organizational Reputation: A Job Search Perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 929-947.
Cable, D. M. and Judge T. A. (1994). Pay preferences and job search decisions: A person–organization fit perspective. Personnel Psychology, 47, 317–48.
Cable, D. M., and Judge, T. A. (1996). Person–organization fit, job choice decisions, and organizational entry. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 67(3), 294-311.
Cable, D. M., and Turban, D. B. (2001). Establishing The Dimensions, Sources, And Value of Job Seekers' employer Knowledge During Recruitment. Research in personnel and human resources management, 20, 115-164.
Cable, D. M., Mulvey, P., Aiman-Smith, L., and Edwards, J. R. (2000). The sources and accuracy of job seekers' organizational culture beliefs. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 1076-1085.
Cameron, K. S., and Quinn, R. E. (2005). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework. John Wiley and Sons.
Cantner, U., Silbereisen, R. K., and Wilfling, S. (2011). Which Big-Five personality traits drive
entrepreneurial failure in highly innovative industries?. In Paper presented at the DIME Final Conference.
6: 8.
Cardon, M. S., & Stevens, C. E. (2004). Managing human resources in small organizations: What do we know?. Human resource management review,14(3), 295-323.
Cardon, M. S., and Tarique, I. (2008). 17 Organizational attractiveness of small businesses. In International handbook of entrepreneurship and HRM: 345.
Cardon, M. S., and Tolchinsky, P. (2006). To hire or not to hire? Implications of alternative staffing models for emerging organizations. Tansky, J. W and Heneman, R. L. (2006). Human Resource Strategies for the High Growth Entrepreneurial Firm, Research in Human Resource Management, Information Age Publishing: 69-98.
Carless, S. A. (2005). Person–job fit versus person–organization fit as predictors of organizational attraction and job acceptance intentions: A longitudinal study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational
Psychology,78(3), 411-429.
Cassar, G., and Friedman, H. (2009). Does self-efficacy affect entrepreneurial investment? Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3, 241–260.
Caves, R. E. (1998). Industrial organization and new findings on the turnover and mobility of firms. Journal of Economic Literature, 36: 1947–1982.
Cecil, E. A., and Lundgren, E. F. (1975). An analysis of individual decision making behavior using a laboratory setting. Academy of Management Journal, 18(3), 600-604
Chapman, D. S. Uggerslev, K. L. Carroll, S. A. Piasentin, K. A. and Jones, D. A. (2005). Applicant attraction to organizations and job choice: a meta-analytic review of the correlates of recruiting outcomes.
Journal of Applied Psychology. 90:928–944
Chatman, J. A. (1989). Improving interactional organizational research: A model of person-organization fit.
Academy of management Review, 14(3), 333-349.
Chatman, J. A. (1991). Matching people and organizations: Selection and socialization in public accounting firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(3), 459–484.
Chell, E., Haworth, J. and Brearley, S. (1991). The Entrepreneurial Personality: Concepts, Cases and Categories. Routledge, London.
Christiansen, N., Sliter, M., and Frost, C.T. (2014). What employees dislike about their jobs: Relationship between personality-based fit and work satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 71, 25-29.
79 Lewis, V. L., and Churchill, N. C. (1983). The five stages of small business growth. Harvard business review, 61(3), 30-50.
Ciavarella, M.A., Bucholtz, A.K., Riordan, C.M., Gatewood, R.D. and Stokes, G.S. (2004). The big five and venture success: is there a linkage?. Journal of Business Venturing. 19(4). 465–483
Coff, R. W. (1997). Human assets and management dilemmas: Coping with hazards on the road to resource-based theory. Academy of Management Review. 22(2). 374-402.
Connolly, T., and Vines, C.V. (1977). Some instrumentality-valence models of under-graduate college choice. Decision Sciences. 8. 311-317.
Costa, P. T., and McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEOP–R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO–FFI): Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Crant, J. M. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 34, 42–49.
Dabic, M., Ortiz-De-Urbina-Criado, M., and Romero-Martínez, A. M. (2011). Human resource management in entrepreneurial firms: a literature review. International Journal of Manpower, 32(1), 14-33.
Daniels, C. P. (2012). People Matters: Attracting knowledge workers to technology start-ups (TSUs) in South Africa.
Davidsson, P., Delmar, F., and Wiklund, J. (2006). Entrepreneurship and the Growth of Firms. Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar
Davidsson, P. (2003). The domain of entrepreneurship research: Some suggestions. Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth, 6(3), 315-372.
De Fruyt, F., and Mervielde, I. (1997). The five-factor model of personality and Holland's RIASEC interest types. Personality and individual differences,23(1), 87-103.
Delmar, F., Davidsson, P., and Gartner, W. B. (2003). Arriving at the high-growth firm. Journal of business venturing, 18(2), 189-216.
Denissen, J. J., Geenen, R., Van Aken, M. A., Gosling, S. D., and Potter, J. (2008). Development and validation of a Dutch translation of the Big Five Inventory (BFI). Journal of personality assessment, 90(2), 152-157.
Douglas, E. J., and Shepherd, D. A. (2002). Self-employment as a career choice: Attitudes, entrepreneurial intentions, and utility maximization. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 26(3), 81-90.
Drageset, S., Ellingsen, S., and Lindstrøm, T. C. (2008). Sykepleieforskning: kvantitativ tilnærming-en diskusjon og oversikt.
Drucker, P. F. (1999). Management challenges for the 21st century. Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Dunnette, M. D. (1976). Aptitudes, abilities, and skills. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, 473-520.
Edelson, S. A., Haynie, J. M., and McKelvie, A. (2011). Working For A Start-Up? Investigating the role of venture personality in the recruitment of human capital. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 31(9), 2.
Edwards, J. R. (1991). Person-job fit: A conceptual integration, literature review, and methodological critique. In C. L. Cooper and I. T. Robertson (Eds.) International review of industrial and organizational psychology. 6. 283–357. New York: Wiley.
Fiedler, F. (1976). The leadership game: Matching the man to the situation. Organizational Dynamics, 4(3), 6-16.
Finney, M. I. (1989). The ASPA labor shortage survey. Personnel Administrator, 34(2), 35-42.
Fisher, C. D., Ilgen, D. R., and Hoyer, W. D. (1979). Source credibility, information favorability, and job offer acceptance. Academy of Management Journal, 22, 94-103.
80 Flaherty, K. E., and Pappas, J. M. (2004). Job selection among salespeople: A bounded rationality
perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 33(4), 325-332.
Friedman, H. H., Herskovitz, P. J., and Pollack, S. (1994). The biasing effects of scale-checking styles on response to a Likert scale. In Proceedings of the American statistical association annual conference: survey research methods. 792.
Furnham, A. (1996). The big five versus the big four: the relationship between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and NEO-PI five factor model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(2), 303-307.
Gartner, W. B. and Brush, C. B. (1999). Entrepreneurship as organizing: emergence, newness and transformation. Academy of Management Conference, 7 August 1999, Chicago, IL.
Gartner, W.B. (1993). Words lead to deeds: Towards an organizational emergence vocabulary. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(3), 231–9.
Gartner, W. B., Bird, B. J., and Starr, J. A. (1992). Acting as if: Differentiating entrepreneurial from organizational behavior. Entrepreneurship: Theory and practice, 16(3), 13-32.
Garwood, J. (2006). Quantitative Research. In The SAGE Dictionary of Social Research Methods. 250- 251.
Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications
Gatewood, R. D., Gowen, M. A., and Lautenschlager, D. J. (1993). Corporate image, recruitment image, and initial job choice decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 414-427.
Ghauri, P. and Grønhaug, K. (2010). Research Methods in Business Studies. 4. Harlow, England: Pearson Giannantonio, C. M. (1989). The role of positive inferences on reactions to the recruitment interview. Paper presented at the meeting of the Academy of Management, Washington, DC.
Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 4, 26–42
Goldberg, L.R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26-34.
Graham, M. E., Murray, B., and Amuso, L. (2002). Stock-related rewards, social identity, and the attraction and retention of employees in entrepreneurial SMEs. In Katz, J. and Welbourne, T. (Eds.) Managing people in entrepreneurial organizations, 5. 107–145. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Gray, C. (1993). Stages of growth and entrepreneurial career motivation. In Chittenden, F.. Robertson, M.
and Watkins, D. (eds) Small Firms: Recession and Recovery, London: Paul Chapman Publishing, 149–59.
Green, P. E., and Srinivasan, V. (1990). Conjoint analysis in marketing: new developments with implications for research and practice. The Journal of Marketing, 3-19.
Greenhaus, J. H., Sugalski, T., and Crispin, G. (1978). Relationships between perceptions of organizational size and the organizational choice process. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 13(1), 113-125.
Greiner, L. (1972). Evolution and revolution as organizations grow, Harvard Business Review, 37–46.
Hackman, J. R. and Oldham, G. R. (1980) Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., and Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. 5. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hannafey, F. T. (2003). Entrepreneurship and ethics: A literature review. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(2), 99-110.
Hannan, M.T. and J. Freeman (1984). The population ecology of organizations, American Sociological Review, 49, 149–64.
Heggestad, E. D., and Kanfer, R. (2000). Individual differences in trait motivation: Development of the motivational trait questionnaire. International Journal of Educational Research, 33, 751–776.
Heneman III, H. G. and Berkley, R. A. (1999). Applicant attraction practices and outcomes among small businesses. Journal of small business management, 37(1), 53.
81 Heneman, R. L., and Tansky, J. W. (2002). Human resource management models for entrepreneurial opportunity: Existing knowledge and new directions. In Katz, J. and Welbourne, T. M. (Eds.) Managing people in entrepreneurial organizations. 5. 55–82. Amsterdam: JAI Press.
Heneman, R.L., J.W. Tansky and S.M. Camp (2000). Human resource management practices in small and medium-sized enterprises: Unanswered questions and future research perspectives. Entrepreneurship:
Theory and Practice, 25, 11–26.
Herriot, P., Ecob, R., and Hutchison, M. (1980). Decision theory and occupational choice: Some longitudinal data. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53(3), 223-236.
Highouse, S., & Hoffman, J. R. (2001). Organizational attraction and job choice. International review of industrial and organizational psychology, 16, 37-64.
Hill, R.E. (1974). An empirical comparison of two models for predicting preferences for standard employment offers. Decision Sciences, 5, 243 -254.
Hofstee, W. K. B., Kiers, H. A. L., de Raad, B., Goldberg, L. R., and Ostendorf, F. (1997). Comparison of Big-Five structures of personality traits in Dutch, English, and German. European Journal of Personality, 11, 15–31.
Hogan R. (1986). Manual for the Hogan Personality Inventory. Minneapolis: National Computer Systems.
Holland. J. L. (1985). A Personality Inventory Employing Occupational Titles. Journal of Applied Psychology. 42. 336-342.
Hornaday, J. A., and Aboud, J. (1971). Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs1. Personnel psychology, 24(2), 141-153.
Iacovou, C. L., Shirland, L. and Thompson, R. L. (2004). Job selection preferences of business students.
Journal of Applied Business Research. 20:87–98
Jick, T. D. (1979). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action. Administrative science quarterly, 602-611.
John, O. P., and Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement and theoretical perspectives. In Pervin, L. A. and John, O. P. (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research. 102–
138. New York: Guilford
John, O. P. (1989). Towards a taxonomy of personality descriptors. In Buss, D. M. and Cantor, N. (Eds.), Personality psychology: Recent trends and emerging directions. New York: Springer-Verlag.
John, O. P., Caspi, A., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., and Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1994). The “little five”:
Exploring the nomological network of the five-factor model of personality in adolescent boys. Child development, 160-178.
John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., and Kentle, R. L. (1991). The big five inventory—versions 4a and 54.
Judge, T. A. and Bretz, R. D. (1992). Effects of work values on job choice decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology. 77:261–271
Judge, T. A. and Cable, D. M. (1997). Applicant personality, organizational culture, and organization attraction. Personnel psychology, 50(2), 359-394.
Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., and Locke, E. A. (2000). Personality and job satisfaction: the mediating role of job characteristics. Journal of applied psychology, 85(2), 237.
Kaplan, R., and Saccuzzo, D. (2012). Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues. Cengage Learning.
Katz, J. A., and Welbourne, T. M. (2002). Managing people in entrepreneurial organizations. Amsterdam:
JAI Press.
Katz, J., Aldrich, H., Welbourne, T. M., and Williams, P. M. (2000). Guest editor’s comments special issue on human resource management and the SME: Toward a new synthesis. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 7–10.
82 Kausel, E. E., and Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Narrow personality traits and organizational attraction: Evidence for the complementary hypothesis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 114(1), 3-14.
Kazanjian, R. K., and Drazin, R. (1989). An empirical test of a stage of growth progression model.
Management Science, 35(12), 1489-1503.
Koestner, R., and Losier, G. F. (1996). Distinguishing reactive versus reflective autonomy. Journal of Personality, 64, 465–494.
Kohn, M. L., and Schooler, C. (1978). The reciprocal effects of the substantive complexity of work and intellectual flexibility: A longitudinal assessment. American Journal of sociology, 24-52.
Kristof, A. L. (1996). Person-Organization Fit: An Integrative Review of its Conceptualizations, Measurement and Implications. Personnel Psychology. 49:1-49.
Kurato, D. F., and Hodgetts, R. M. (1989). Entrepreneurship: A Contemporary Approach. Chicago, IIL:
Dryden Press.
Lee, H. (2008). Sampling. In Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods. 1. 557-558. Thousand Oaks, CA:
SAGE Publications
Levesque, L. L. (2001). Role creation processes in start-up firms.
Liden, R. C., and Parsons, C. K. (1986). A field study of job applicant interview perceptions, alternative opportunities, and demographic characteristics. Personnel Psychology, 39(1), 109-122.
Lievens, F., Decaesteker, C., Coetsier, P., & Geirnaert, J. (2001). Organizational attractiveness for prospective applicants: A person–organisation fit perspective. Applied Psychology, 50(1), 30-51.
Lievens, F., Hoye, G., and Schreurs, B. (2005). Examining the relationship between employer knowledge dimensions and organizational attractiveness: An application in a military context. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(4), 553-572.
Lin, C. H., Peng, C. H., and Kao, D. T. (2008). The innovativeness effect of market orientation and learning orientation on business performance. International journal of manpower, 29(8), 752-772.
Livneh, H., and Livneh, C. (1989). The five-factor model of personality: Is evidence of its cross-measure validity premature?. Personality and Individual Differences, 10(1), 75-80.
Longenecker, J.G., Moore C.W. and Petty, J.W. (1994). Small Business Management: An Entrepreneurial Emphasis. Cincinnati, OH: South Western.
O'Gorman, K. and MacIntosh, R. (eds.) (2015). Research Methods for Business and Management.
Wolvercote, Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers Limited
Mangione, T. W. (1995). Mail surveys: Improving the quality. 40. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Markman, G. D., and Baron, R. A. (2003). Individual differences and the pursuit of new ventures: A model of person-entrepreneurship fit. In Welbourne, T. M. (Ed.), Managing people in entrepreneurial
organizations. 5. 23–54. Amsterdam: JAI Press.
Markman, G.D., Baron, R.A. and Balkin, D.B. (2001). Adversity quotient: Perceive perseverance and new business formation. Paper presented at Academy of Management Meeting. Washington, DC.
May, K. (1997). Work in the 21st century: Understanding the needs of small businesses. Industrial and Organizational Psychologist, 35(1), 94–97.
McClelland, D.C. (1965), N achievement and entrepreneurship: A longitudinal study, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 389–92.
McCrae, R. R., and Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of personality and social psychology, 52(1), 81.
Mehta, S.N. (1996). Worker shortages continue to worry about a quarter of small businesses. Wall Street Journal. B2.
Michaels, E., Handfield-Jones, H., and Axelrod, B. (2001). The war for talent. Harvard Business Press.
83 Miller, D. and Friesen, P.H. (1982). Innovation in conservative and entrepreneurial firms: Two models of strategic momentum. Strategic Management Journal, 3: 1-25.
Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., Sablynski, C. J., and Erez, M. (2001). Why people stay: Using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover. Academy of management journal, 44(6), 1102-1121.
Montgomery, D. B., and Ramus, C. A. (2007). Including corporate social responsibility, environmental sustainability, and ethics in calibrating MBA job preferences. Graduate School of Business, Stanford University.
Mount, M. K., and Barrick, M. R. (2002). The personal characteristics inventory manual. Libertyville, IL:
The Wonderlic Corporation.
Moy, J. W., & Lee, S. M. (2002). The career choice of business graduates: SMEs or MNCs?. Career Development International, 7(6), 339-347.
Moynihan, D. P., and Pandey, S. K. (2008). The ties that bind: Social networks, person-organization value fit, and turnover intention. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(2), 205-227.
Mueller, S. L., and Thomas, A. S. (2001). Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness. Journal of business venturing, 16(1), 51-75.
Briggs-Myers, I., and Briggs, K.C. (1985). Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Palo Alto, CA:
Consulting Psychologists Press.
Næss, P. (2012). Kritisk Realisme og byplanforskning. In FORMakademisk. 5(2). 1-17
Neff, G. (2012). Venture labor: Work and the burden of risk in innovative industries. MIT Press.
Nicholas, L. (2009). Introduction to psychology. Juta and Company Ltd.
Nicholson, N., Soane, E., Fenton-O’Creevy, M., and Willman, P. (2005). Personality and domain-specific risk taking. Journal of Risk Research, 8, 157–176.
Nyström, K., & Zhetibaeva Elvung, G. (2015). New Firms as Employers: The Wage Penalty for Voluntary and Involuntary Job Switchers. Labour, 29(4), 348-366.
Obschonka, M., Silbereisen, R. K., and Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2010). Entrepreneurial intention as developmental outcome. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77, 63-72.
Obschonka, M., Silbereisen, R. K., and Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2011). Successful entrepreneurship as developmental outcome: A path model from a life span perspective of human development. European Psychologist, 16(3), 174-186.
Obschonka, M., Silbereisen, R. K., and Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2012). Explaining entrepreneurial behavior: Dispositional personality traits, growth of personal entrepreneurial resources, and business idea generation. The Career Development Quarterly, 60(2), 178-190.
Obschonka, M., Schmitt-Rodermund, E., Silbereisen, R. K., Gosling, S. D., and Potter, J. (2013). The regional distribution and correlates of an entrepreneurship-prone personality profile in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom: A socioecological perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(1), 104.
O’Reilly CA 111, Chatman J, Caldwell DE (1991). People of organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit. Academy of Management Journal, 34, 487-516.
Orme, B. (2009). Which conjoint method should I use. Sawtooth Software Research Paper Series.
Orme, B. (2010). Getting started with conjoint analysis: Strategies for product design and pricing research.
Madison, WI: Research Publishers LLC.
Ormel, J., & Wohlfarth, T. (1991). How neuroticism, long-term difficulties, and life situation change influence psychological distress: a longitudinal model. Journal of personality and social psychology, 60(5), 744.
Osterman, P. (1987). Choice of employment systems in internal labor markets. Industrial Relations, 26, 46-67.
84 Ouimet, P., and Zarutskie, R. (2014). Who works for startups? The relation between firm age, employee age, and growth. Journal of financial Economics, 112(3), 386-407.
Owoseni, O. O. (2011). An examination of the Impact of selected personality traits on the innovative behaviour of entrepreneurs in Nigeria. International Business and Management, 3(2)112-121 Ozer, D. J., and Benet-Martinez, V. (2006). Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes.
Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 401–421.
Parker, S. C. (2009). Why do small firms produce the entrepreneurs?. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 38(3), 484-494.
Parkes, L., Bochner, S., and Schneider, S. (2001). Person–organisation fit across cultures: An empirical investigation of individualism and collectivism. Applied Psychology, 50(1), 81-108.
Paunonen, S. V., and Jackson, D. N. (2000). What is beyond the Big Five? Plenty! Journal of Personality, 68, 821–835.
Paunonen, S. V. (2003). Big Five factors of personality and replicated predictions of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 411–422.
Ployhart, R. E. (2006). Staffing in the 21st century: New challenges and strategic opportunities. Journal of management, 32(6), 868-897.
Porter, S., and Ayman, R. (2010). Work flexibility as a mediator of the relationship between work–family conflict and intention to quit. Journal of Management & Organization, 16(03), 411-424.
Powell, G. N. (1984). Effects of job attributes and recruiting practices on applicant decisions: A comparison.
Personnel Psychology, 37(4), 721-732.
Rauch, A., and Frese, M. (2000). Effects of human resources strategies on success of small-scale businesses:
A longitudinal study. In Reynolds, P. D., Autio, E., Brush, C. G., Bygrave, W. D., Manigart, S. Sapienza, H.
J. and Shaver, K. G. (Eds.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research 2000. 530–541. Babson Park, MS:
Babson College, Center for Entrepreneurial Studies.
Rauch, A., and Frese, M. (2007). Let’s put the person back into entrepreneurship research: A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners’ personality traits, business creation, and success. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16, 353–385.
Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G. T., and Frese, M. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: An assessment of past research and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33, 761–787.
Rentsch, J. and McEwen, A. (2002). Comparing personality characteristics, values, and goals as antecedents of organizational attractiveness. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 225–34.
Ries, E. (2011). The lean startup: How today's entrepreneurs use continuous innovation to create radically successful businesses. Crown Books.
Rosen, S. (1986). The theory of equalizing differences. In Ashenfelter, O. and Layard, R. (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics: 641-692: North-Holland.
Rynes, S. L., and Miller, H. E. (1983). Recruiter and job influences on candidates for employment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(1), 147.
Rynes, S. L., and Barber, A. E. (1990). Applicant attraction strategies: An organizational perspective. Academy of management review, 15(2), 286-310.
Salancik, G. R., and Pfeffer, J. (1978). A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative science quarterly, 224-253.
Saucier, G. (1994). Mini-markers: A brief version of Goldberg’s unipolar big-five markers’. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 506–16.
Sauermann, H. (2015). Fire in the belly? Employee motives and innovative performance in startups versus established firms. Employee Motives and Innovative Performance in Startups versus Established Firms
85 Saunders, M., Lewis, P., and Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students. 5, Harlow, England: Financial Times Prentice Hall.
Saville, P., and Willson, E. (1991). The reliability and validity of normative and ipsative approaches in the measurement of personality. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 64(3), 219-238.
Sawtooth Software. (2016, November 1). Lighthouse Studio Help. Retrived from http://www.sawtoothsoftware.com/help/lighthouse-studio/manual/
Sawtooth Software. (2007). The ACA/Web v6.0 Technical paper. Sawtooth Software technical paper series.
Sequim,Washington
Sawtooth Software. (2006). The ACA/Hierarchical Bayes v3.0 Technical Paper. Sawtooth Software technical paper series. Sequim,Washington
Schein, V.E., and Diamante, T. (1988). Organizational attraction and the person-environment fit.
Psychological Reports, 62, 167-173.
Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2004). Pathways to successful entrepreneurship: Parenting, personality, entrepreneurial competence, and interests. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 498-518.
Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2007). The long way to entrepreneurship: Personality, parenting, early interests, and competencies as precursors for entrepreneurial activity among the ‘Termites’. In Silbereisen, R. K and Lerner, R. M. (Eds.), Approaches to Positive Youth Development. 205-224. London: Sage.
Schneider, B. (1983). Interactional psychology and organizational behavior. In B. M. Staw and L. L.
Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior. 5. 1-31. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Schneider B. (1987). The people make the place. Personnel Psychology, 40, 437453.
Schneider, B., Goldstein, H. W. and Smith, D. B. (1995). The ASA framework - An update. Personnel Psychology, 48, 747-773.
Schwab, D. P., Rynes, S. L., and Aldag, R. J. (1987). Theories and research on job search and choice. In Rowland, K. M. and Ferris, G. R. (Eds), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management. 5. 126-166). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Scott, A. (2001). Eliciting GPs’ preferences for pecuniary and non-pecuniary job characteristics. Journal of health economics, 20(3), 329-347.
Shane, S. and Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226.
Shane, S. (2003). A General Theory of Entrepreneurship, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Shane S. (2009). Why Encouraging More People to Become Entrepreneurs Is Bad Public Policy. Small Business Economics, 33(2): 141–149.
Shepherd, D., and Wiklund, J. (2009). Are we comparing apples with apples or apples with oranges?
Appropriateness of knowledge accumulation across growth studies. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(1), 105-123.
Sheridan, J. E., Richards, M. D., and Slocum, J. W. (1975). Comparative analysis of expectancy and heuristic models of decision behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(3), 361.
Shi, Y. Xu, D. and Green, P. (2014). Software Startup Growth: The Role of Dynamic Capabities, IT Innovation and Customer Involvement. PACIS 2014 Proceedings. Paper 240.
Slaughter, J. E., Zickar, M., Highhouse, S., and Mohr, D. C. (2004). Personality Trait Inferences About Organizations: Development of a Measure and Assessment of Construct Validity. Journal of Applied Psychology 89 (1):85-103.
Soelberg, P. 0. (1967) Unprogrammed decision making. Industrial Management Review, 8, 19-29.
Starks, G. L. (2007). The effect of person–job fit on the retention of top college graduates in federal agencies. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 27(1), 59-70.
86 Stern, S. 2004. Do scientists pay to be scientists? Management Science, 50(6): 835-853.
Stevenson, H. H. and Jarillo, J. C. (1990). Aparadigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management.
Strategic Management Journal, 11, 17–27.
Stinchcombe, A.L. (1965). Social structure and organizations. In March, J.G. (ed.), Handbook of Organizations, Chicago: Rand McNally. 142–93.
Subramanian, S., Gopalakrishnan, V., and Thayammal, I. P. R. (2012). Big Five Inventory (Bfi) Of
Personality Traits Of Entrepreneurs. International Journal of Management Research and Reviews, 2(6), 913.
Sutton, J. (1997). Gibrat’s legacy. Journal of Economic Literature, 35: 40–59
Taylor, M. S., and Bergmann, T. J. (1987). Organizational recruitment activities and applicants' reactions at different stages of the recruitment process. Personnel Psychology, 40(2), 261-285.
Tett, R. P., Jackson, D. N., and Rothstein, M. (1991). Personality measures as predictors of job performance:
a meta‐analytic review. Personnel psychology, 44(4), 703-742.
Tom, V. R. (1971). The role of personality and Organizational images in the recruiting process.
Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 6, 573-592.
Townsend, D. M., Busenitz, L. W., and Arthurs, J. D. (2010). To start or not to start: Outcome and ability expectations in the decision to start a new venture. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(2), 192-202.
Trapnell, P. D., and Wiggins, J. S. (1990). Extension of the Interpersonal Adjective Scales to include the Big Five dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(4), 781.
Trobia, A. (2008). Sampling. In Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods. 1. 783-784. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications
Tully, S. (2000). The party's over. Fortune, 142(l), 156-160.
Tumasjan, A., Strobel, M., and Welpe, I. M. (2011). Employer brand building for start-ups: Which job attributes do employees value most? Working Paper Series.
Turban, D.B. and D.W. Greening. (1996). Corporate social performance and organizational attractiveness to prospective employees. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 658–72.
Turban, D.B. and Keon, T.L. (1993). Organizational attractiveness: An interactionist perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 184–93.
Turban, D. B., Lau, C. M., Ngo, H. Y., Chow, I. H., & Si, S. X. (2001). Organizational attractiveness of firms in the People's Republic of China: A person–organization fit perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(2), 194.
Universum. (2014). Universum Topp 10 Preferenser. Stockholm. Retrieved from http://www.universumglobal.com.
Vaish, A. K. (2008a). Confidence Interval. In Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods. 1. 126-130.
Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications
Vaish, A. K. (2008b). Confidence Level. In Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods. 1. 130-131.
Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications
Vroom, V.H. (1966). Organizational choice: A study of pre- and post-decision processes. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1, 212 -225.
Wagner, S. H., Parker, C. P., and Christiansen, N. D. (2003). Employees that think and act like owners:
Effects of ownership beliefs and behaviors on organizational effectiveness. Personnel Psychology, 56(4), 847-871.
Watson, D. (1989). Strangers' ratings of the five robust personality factors: Evidence of a surprising convergence with self-report. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(1), 120.
Weiers, R. (2010). Introduction to business statistics. Cengage Learning.
